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what neurotransmitter is known as adrenaline
epinephrine
what is associated with nerve injury caused by trauma, infection, or chronic disease such as diabetes and is treated with different drugs that are used for other types of pain
neuropathic pain
which of the following is the oldest drug treatment for bipolar disorder
lithium
a child with bed wetting problem might be prescribed
tricycle antidepressant
what is serotonin syndrome is associate with
antimigraine, antidepressants
which skeletal muscle relaxation and is frequently used in dental procedures
nitrous oxide
famciclovir
Famvir
a patient is allergic to sulfa, which drug is on their profile should be brought to the pharmacist attention
Sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)
what mutations make effective vaccinations difficult to produce
Viral
Miconazole is found in
monistat
which of the following viral diseases can be prevented with a vaccine
hepatitis B
which of the following drugs is classified as a macrolide
azithromycin
the onset of a fever is always diagnostic have a _______ infection
viral
May has an allergy of penicillin indicate on her profile you should alert the pharmacist when she brings in a prescription for
Keflex (Cephazolin)
what's the following is the best method for reducing risk of developing a cold
hand washing
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) which of the following is attacked by the virus
CD4 T lymphocyte
what antifungal is commonly used to treat candida infection in infants
nystatin
what is the medication contained in Diflucan
fluconazole
which of the following antifungal medications is available commercially as a cream, tablet and shampoo
Ketoconazole
A chronic disease of the skin that is characterized by the itchy red patches covered with silvery scales is termed
psoriasis
which of the following drugs is used to treat fungal infections
clotrimazole
the generic name for Bactroban
mupirocin
why are parental and oral fluoroquinolones contraindicated in pregnant women and children less than 16 years old
they can cause cartilage malformations
which of the following a biotics is only available as a topical preparation
mupirocin (Bactroban)
What is described as the metabolism of drugs by the liver
first pass effect
antacids that must be shaken before using are examples of what type of _____
suspension
what are fungal infections of the nail called
tinea unguium
what is defined as the removing of dead tissue
debridement
the body organ that metabolizes the most drugs is the
liver
is the broad term that includes the study of drugs and their actions on the body
pharmacology
patients with severe burns can have
hypothermia
the most frequently used topical agent for burns is
silver sulfadiazine
tinea is a dermatophyte that causes
ringworm
What is most effective and widely used non prescription medication currently available for the treatment of non inflammatory acne
benzoyl peroxide
When analgesic drugs are used to control pain, this is an example of the _____ use of drugs
therapeutic
At what age can develop GERD
a person of any age, even infants
How is hep A transmitted
primarily by the faecal-oral route
What are natural products and alternatives in combating digestive conditions
ginger
what are the oldest drugs used to treat GERD and PUD
antacids
ulcerative colitis means
inflammatory bowel disease causing inflammation and ulcers in the digestive tract
What medications can worsen GERD
salicylates, bisphosphones, potassium supplemens
It is common to see cats prescribe medication for
hypothyroidism
How is insulin administered
subcutaneously
What are sulfonylureas
Are hypoglycemic agents that lower blood sugar levels
What may type 1 diabetics be treated with
insulin
Type II Diabetes is most common, according to ____ percentages
90 to 95% of diabetics
Define menopause
is the termination of menstrual cycle marking the absence of the cycle for one full year
What is nifedipine is used for
stop premature labor, manage hbp
What type diabetes has a rapid onset
Type I
oral contraceptives are 100% effective in preventing pregnancy
false
recommended lifestyle modifications for patients with diabetes include
lose weight, stop smoking, follow glycemic index diet engage in physical activity
What is Andropause
is the Decrease in testosterone produced in males
When should patients usually take their insulin
before or during food
estrogen provides protection against
osteoporosis, heart disease and stroke prior to menopause
what is typically defined as the inability to achieve pregnancy after one year of trying
infertility
A diet high in _______ is associated with gout attacks
purine
What drugs are used to treat high blood pressure
•ACE inhibitors
•ARBs
•Calcium-channel blockers
•Thiazide diuretics
•Alpha blockers
•Beta blockers
What is a tel for biologics
-umab
why were Cox-2 inhibitors removed from circulation
cardiac complications
what medication is most commonly prescribed for prevention of chronic gout
allopurinol
What is osteoarthritis?
A degenerative joint disease in which cartilage in joints becomes thinner and less elastic eventually causing bone to wear and become deformed
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF OSTEOARTHRITIS
40+
subtle onset
medications reduce symptoms
degenerative joint disease
joints affected: knees, shoulders, hips
assymetrical
what is rheumatoid arthritis
An autoimmune disorder in which the immune system destroys the synovial membrane of the joint, producing inflammation
Signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis
1-3% of the population
20-40 y.o
develops rapidly
symmetrical pain
affects many different joints
deformation over time
auto-immune disease
affects hands Joints of the feet, ankles, knees, wrists, elbows, shoulders, jaw (temporomandibular), vertebral column affected later
what is gouty arthritis
A form of arthritis resulting from the body's improper excretion of uric acid, Patients may either overproduce or insufficiently excrete uric acid
signs and symptoms of gouty arthritis
Big toe affected first
Elbows and ankles may also be affected
kidney damage
tophus: Deposit of sodium urate that forms around joint
What is the purpose of methotrexate when used for rheumatoid arthritis
slows the progression (commonly used DMARD)
How are biologics typically administered
SC
what is a common side effect of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
upset stomach/ indigestion
what is the most used drug for gouty arthritis
indomethacin
Gout is the primary disease associated with what
hyperuricemia
JAK DMARDs (citinib) do what
interfere with the activity of Janus Kinase enzymes in the body (JAK1, JAK2,JAK3, TYK2) in order to reduce the body's overactive immune response (RA)
what drug class are commonly used as muscle relaxants
CNS Depressants
Order of inhalers
blue -> brown -> green
Short-Acting Beta-2 Agonists-> Corticosteroids -> Anticholinergics
what is included the the lower respiratory tract
Trachea, bronchial tree, alveoli, lungs
common side effects of inhaled salbutamol
dizziness, nervousness, tremors
what should patients with asthma aviod
beta blockers
What is COPD
A group of chronic lung diseases that impede airflow and cause breathing difficulty
Treatments for COPD
Tobacco cessation
Empiric
-Beta agonists (formoterol, Salmeterol)
-Anticholinergics (Ipratropium, Tiotropium, Glycopyrronium)
-Corticosteroids (beclomethasone, budesonide, Fluticasone, mometasone)
- Methylxanthines (theophylline/Theodur)
Oxygen
Physical therapy
Antibiotics
Expectorants
Vaccinations
what narcotic is commonly used as a cough suppressant
hydrocodone
what is the most used antitussive
dextromethorphan
what should patients with high blood pressure avoid when treating cold symptoms
decongestants
what is effective for a mucus producing cough
expectorant
what is defined as small air sacs in the lungs
aveoli
what does RDS stand for
respiratory distress syndrom
what asthma medication has a narrow therapeutic index
theophylline (Theodur)
what do second generation antihistamines end in
-adine
what is a peptic ulcer
is an ulcer or surface lesion along any part of the GI tract exposed to acid and the enzyme pepsin
where do ulcers form
stomach (peptic-H. pylori, stress-trauma illness, NSAID induced- Removal of protective effect of stomach prostaglandins)
small intestine (duodenal ulcer-Hyperacidity)
what are ranitidine and famotidine
H2 receptor antagonists (-tidine) reduce the amount of stomach acid made
what drug class are effective in GERD and peptic ulcer disease
PPI (decrease gastric acid), Antacids, H2 blockers, Misoprostol, Sucralfate, An antibiotic + PPI/H2 blocker for H.pylori
give an example of an antiflatulent
simethicone (Gas-X) brings together the small gas bubbles in your gut to form bigger bubbles, allowing trapped air to pass through your body more easily
what is affected by gastro esophageal reflux disease
esophagus, pharynx or respiratory tract
How does psyllium (Metamucil work)
contains fiber that remains in the GI tract drawing in water (Bulk forming laxative)
what is mesalamine
an amino-salicylic acid (inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease)
Name side effects of corticosteroids
moonfaced, weight gain, buffalo hump
what is an aux label that has to be on antacids
Shake well before use
what does Otic refer to
ear
What is metronidazole (Flagyl) used for
STD Gardnerella vaginitis (antiprotozoal/antibiotic)-bacterial
What is nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin, MacroBid) used for
UTI's
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