Studied by 56 peoplehow do the molecules in ice compare to liquid water?
ice has more space between molecules and forms a lattice shape
what determines function?
shape and structure
what makes carbon unique/special?
it can form four bonds (one on each side) and it stable when these bonds are formed (octet rule)
what allows transpiration to occur?
cohesion and adhesion
what is high specific heat?
how much heat is absorbed or released before an increase or decrease in temperature
what causes evaporative cooling?
high specific heat
what causes surface tension?
water’s cohesion
why is nitrogen important?
it is a building block for macromolecules which are crucial for biological processes
properties of the hydroxyl group
polar, hydrophilic, can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules
which functional group is nitrogen essential to?
amino group
dehydration synthesis
process of combining monomers to form a polymer (H2O by-product)
hydrolysis
the breaking of polymers into monomers
what are carbohydrates?
sugars (remember -ose)
what is the monomer for carbohydrates?
monosaccharides
what are the most common monosaccharides?
glucose and fructose
lipids are _________ (polar/nonpolar)
nonpolar
what are the three types of lipids?
triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids
how are triglycerides categorized?
unsaturated or saturated
characteristics of saturated triglycerides (lipids)
no double bonds between carbons, solid at room temp (butter)
characteristics of unsaturated triglycerides (lipids)
double bonds between carbons (looks like kinks), liquid at room temp (oil)
characteristics of phopholipids
bilayer is part of the cell membrane, hydrophilic heads face outward (towards blood), hydrophobic tails stay with each other
monomer for proteins
amino acids
what are proteins made of?
20 different amino acids joined together
what joins amino acids in a sequence?
peptide bonds (covalent)
what is the name of the amino acid (protein) polymer?
polypeptides
what functional groups make up every amino acid?
amino group (nitrogen) and carboxyl group (and R group)
what is the monomer for nucleic acids?
nucleotides
what are the parts of a nucleotide?
5-carbon (pentose) sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate
what are the two types of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
what does RNA do?
carries out instructions of DNA and helps to synthesize proteins
what is the purpose of carbohydrates?
to serve as a source of energy and structural support
what are the types of carbohydrates?
starch and cellulose
cellulose
used for structural support in plants
glycogen
carbohydrate used for energy storage in animals
chitin
modified polysaccharide in fungi cell walls and exoskeletons
what is the purpose of proteins?
transporting molecules, structural support, aiding biological processes
what is primary structure in a protien?
the specific sequence of amino acids
what is the secondary structure of proteins?
the formation of an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet because of hydrogen bonds (1st fold)
what is the tertiary structure of a protien?
the interactions between R groups (2nd fold), bonds cause it to fold
what is the quartenary structure of a protein?
4 subunits interacting
why is the primary structure of a protein important?
it determines the 3D structure of the protein which determines its function
denaturation
when a protein unfolds from its 3D structure
starch
stores energy in plants (carbohydrate)
describe why hydrogen bonds form between water molecules
hydrogen bonds form between water molecules because of water’s polarity. The partial positive charges of the hydrogen are caused by the strong electronegativity of the oxygen it is covalently bonded to. These partial charges give water its polarity and allow the hydrogen to form hydrogen bonds with a partially negative oxygen on another water molecule.
explain why the arrangement of water molecules is different in ice and water
the arrangement of water molecules is different in ice and water because of the structure. In ice, the molecules have a stable hexagonal lattice shape since it is a solid, keeping the molecules farther apart than in liquid water. Liquid water has a weaker structure because of the constant breaking and re-forming of bonds.
explain how ice floating on the surface of a body of water affects the water in a way that is beneficial to the organisms in it
ice floating on the surface of a body of water affects the water below it by insulating it. It keeps the heat trapped inside below the surface which helps underwater ecosystems thrive despite the cold
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