Endocrine System: Glands

What are the 2 types of glands?

Endocrine and Exocrine

What does the Endocrine gland do?

It's ductless and secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream (Remember, Endo has d so it's direct)

What does Exocrine gland do?

Secretions are collected in free surface made out of epithelium. They form ducts (pathways to a surface) and send secretions using that duct.

What are the 3 types of Exocrine Glands

Merocine, Apocrine, Holocrine.

What is a merocrine gland?

A vesicle releasing its contents

What is Apocrine Gland?

pinched off portions of cells

What is Holocrine Gland?

Whole cell is breaking and forming new cells.

What are the 8 endocrine glands?

Adrenal Gland, Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, Pancreas, Pineal Gland, Thymus, Thyroid & Parathyroid, Reproductive organs. (Remember using happpttr)

Where are Adrenal Gland located?

Adrenal Glands are located on top of kidneys

What are two types of Adrenal Gland?

Cortex (c for covering, so cortex = outer layer) and Medulla (m for middle so medulla = middle layer)

What are the 3 major hormones Cortex release?

Glucocorticoids (ex: cortisol), Androgens & Estrogens and Aldosterone. (Remembering using CAAG): C- cortex a - androgens & estrogens a - aldosterone g - glucocorticoids

What does Glucocorticoids do?

Increases protein and fat breakdown; maintains sugar balance; inhibits the immune response. Example: Cortisol

What does Androgens & Estrogens do?

Causes development of some secondary sex characteristics in females

What does aldosterone do?

Salt balance / water reabsorption in the blood

Where is medulla located in adrenal glands?

Inner portion of the gland

What are the major hormones released by medulla?

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and Norepinephrine (nonadrenaline) (Remember using MEN M - Medulla E - Epinephrine N - Norepinephrine)

What does Epinephrine do?

Increases heart rate, cardiac output and blood flow to skeletal muscles

What does norepinephrine do?

Reduces blood flow to skin and visceral organs; breakdown of glycogen to glucose

where is hypothalamus located?

Diencephalon of the brain.

What does a hypothalamus do?

Secretes only "releasing" (ex: GHRN) or "inhibiting" (GHIH) hormones. It basically tells glands what to do Hormone "stop light"

Where is pituitary gland located and what it's function?

located below hypothalamus and secretes 9 major hormones

What are the 2 portions of pituitary gland?

Posterior and Anterior

What are Posterior pituitary gland location and 2 major hormones name

Located closer to the brainstem Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin

______ is the extension of hypothalamus

Posterior Pituitary Gland

What does Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) do?

increases water reabsorption in kidney

What does Oxytocin do?

Increases uterine contraction & milk expulsion in mammary glands; unclear function in males

where is anterior pitutary located and what are it's major hormones

Located closer to frontal lobe Thyroid stimulation hormone (TSH) and Growth Hormone (GH)

What does Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) do?

Causes the secretion of thyroid hormones T3 and T4

what does Growth Hormone (GH) do?

Increases growth in tissues

Where is pancreas located?

Pancreas are located between the stomach and the small intestine

Pancreas is _____ because it secretes pancreatic juice to the small intestine & also ______ as it secretes hormones to circulatory system

exocrine and endocrine

What are the two major hormones of pancreas?

Insulin and Glucagon

What does insulin do?

increases cell's uptake of glucose & amino acids from the blood. This decreases blood glucose levels

What does Glucagon do?

Increases breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose into blood stream

Where is Pineal Gland located and it's major hormone?

Located in posterior portion of diencephalon Major hormone is melatonin

What is the function of melatonin?

Inhibits GnRH thus inhibits reproduction; regulates sleep-wake cycles; may also help you fall asleep.

Where is Thymus located and what is it's major hormone?

Located about heart and major hormone is Thymosin

What does Thymosin do?

it develops immune system and T-cells

Where is Thyroid located and what is it's major hormone?

Located at top of trachea. Major hormones are T3 & T4 and Calcitonin.

What does T3 & T4 do?

increases metabolic rate

What does Calcitonin do?

decreases breakdown of bone tissue (decreases Calcium in blood)

Where is parathyroid located and it's major hormone?

Embedded in the posterior of thyroid gland Major Hormone is Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

What does Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) do?

increases breakdown of bone tissue (increases calcium in blood)

What are the two types of reproductive organs?

Testis and Ovaries

Where is testis located and what is it's major hormone?

Located outside the body cavity in the scrotum (helps with temperature regulation) Major hormone is testosterone

What does testosterone do?

Spermatogenesis; maintains functional reproductive organs

What are ovaries located and major hormone?

Located in the abdomen; Major hormone is Estrogen and Progesterone

What does Estrogen do?

Uterine and mammary gland production

What does progesterone do?

secondary sex characteristics; regulates menstrual cycle

The nervous system uses _____ communication while the endocrine system uses _____ communication.

Electrical & chemical