KHS 139 Final Exam

Cross Sectional Research is

collecting data from various individuals at one time, observing variables without influencing them.

Longitudinal Research is

 repeated or continuous studies that follow particular individuals over prolonged periods of time. 

Sequential Cohort Studies are

when two groups are studied simultaneously over an extended amount of time. 

Cognitive Development:

is intellectual development AKA reading, writing, learning. 

Affective Domain:

is the social and emotional aspects of human development AKA how we care for, treat, and play with each other.

Motor Domain:

is the development of human movement AKA getting from point A to point B.

Motor Milestones are

rolling over, sitting upright, independent walking.

Patterns of Motor Development are

•  Cephalocaudal (movement starts at the head and progresses downward) AKA the first thing babies are able to do is lift their heads.

• Proximodistal (movement starts around the belly button and progresses outward) AKA babies flailing around before they gain fine motor control.

Physical Domain:

All types of physical/bodily change AKA getting taller/larger, increase in muscular strength, increase in lung and heart capacity. 

Disintegrated concept of human development is

the old version of looking at development because only looking at physical development is not enough. It focuses on the end result/product approach.

Integrated concept of human development is

the new version of looking at development because it highlights that all aspects are intertwined. It focuses on the utilization of the body parts during the execution of the skill. 

Gross Motor Skills are

movements controlled by the arms, legs and torso.

Fine Motor Skills are

movements controlled by the wrists, hands, fingers, feet and toes.

Manipulation (the use of the hands) involves what two movements?

Intrinsic (movements of the individual digits to manage the object in hand), Extrinsic (displacing the hand and the in-hand object via upper limb movement). 

What are simple synergies?

Movements that include the whole hand (squeezing a rubber ball, pinching). 

What are reciprocal synergies?

Movements that involve the thumb and other digits (hitchhiking, twiddling thumbs, rolling a pencil between fingers). 

Sequential patterns involve

a specific sequence of hand movements that work towards a goal (tying a knot, unscrewing a lid, squeezing a tube of toothpaste). 

The 3 points in Halverson’s Method are

• Sweeping hand and arm in a backhand manner towards the object.

• Indirect or circuitous method that involves an approach from various angles.

• Direct reach.

Haptic Perception is

the ability to glean information from an object (based on size, temperature, and shape) based on lateral movements, enclosure, unsupported holding, pressure, static contact etc). 

What is SSHWTT?

Size, shape, hardness, weight, temperature, texture

What are the HP extremes and hand movements for temperature?

 Hot-Cold, Static Movement.

What are the HP extremes and hand movements for texture?

Smooth-Prickly, Lateral Motion.

What are the HP extremes and hand movements for weight?

Heavy-Light, Unsupported Holding. 

What are the HP extremes and hand movements for size?

Big/Little, Enclosure.

What are the HP extremes and hand movements for hardness?

Firm/Flexible, pressure.

What are the HP extremes and hand movements for shape?

Square/Round/Irregular, Contour Following. 

Rough and Risky Play is

essential for child development. 

How many steps a day do children need to achieve health benefits?

 16, 500

How many children are clinically obese by age 5?

1 in 10

Basic Physiques are

Endomorphic (round), Mesomorphic (muscular), Ectomorphic (thin).

Stability is harder for young children due to

their higher center of gravity and small base of support.

Fundamental Locomotor Skills:

• Walking.

• Running

• Hopping.

• Skipping.

• Galloping.

• Sliding.

• Leaping.

What is a better skill-ability/maturity indicator than chronological age?

Developmental age.

What are the 4 developmental and maturation stages? 

• Skeletal Maturity (bones fusing together and knee development)

• Dental Maturity  (amount of teeth emerged deciduous → permanent teeth)

• Age of Menarche (when a girl begins her menstrual cycle)

• Genitalia Maturity (prepubertal →sparse amount of hair → pigmentation and curling → adult but limited hair → adult hair with horizontal upper border).

7 Stages of Female Development: 

• Breast budding.

• Pubic hair.

• Growth spurt.

• Change in habits (throughout).

• Menarche.

• Armpit Hair.

• Adult Breasts.

8 Stages of Male Development:

• Testes.

• Pubic hair.

• Lengthening of the penis.

• Change of voice.

• Change in habits (throughout).

• Facial hair.

• Armpit hair.

“Cells that fire together wire together” means

that children need to partake in a variety of movement experiences during their developmental years so that they can utilize these skills in future movement experiences. 

What happens when a thought occurs?

 Your brain cells fire together, which causes the cells to link. This causes the idea to become even stronger.

Why is this concept important during the period of critical development?

 Brain cells and connections are created predominantly between 0 and 6 years of age. After that, you start pruning out connections that you will not remember.

If a skill is missed during the period of critical development,

it usually cannot be learned later in life. 

If a skill is missed in the sensitive period,

it can be learned later if needed.

Physical activity improves learning because

nerve and brain cells control movement.

Health Literacy Blunders occur when someone

didn't, couldn't, or wouldn't, did not have access to, or did not understand how to make the right health choice.

A helicopter parent is

a parent who hovers over their child, and pays extremely close attention to them.

A snowplow parent is

a parent who gets in front of their child, and pushes obstacles away from them.

A velcro parent is

a parent who keeps their child by their side at all times.

Physical Literacy is

moving with competency and confidence in a variety of physical activities in multiple environments.

Educational gymnastics is not

performance gymnastics.

Children must be able to show that they have control of their balance,

not that they can hold a balancing position for x amount of seconds.

Prehension applies specifically to the act of

grasping.

What is Maturation?

qualitative (descriptive) and involves the functions of the organs and tissues. the action of process of maturing.

Example: Child will only walk when ready

What is growth?

is qualitative (in numbers) and involves increase of body size. KG, Lbs, cm in etc

The Growth and Maturation sizes in head, trunk, arms, and legs are

Head=2x

Trunk-3x

Arms=4x

Legs=5x

What is Object Control?

Movement skills that require an ability to handle an object or piece of equipment with control

What is locomotion?

Moving the body through space from one location to another

In Educational Gymnastics: Participants should always be…

Moving, in control, and demonstrating proper technique

What is LTAD?

Long Term Athlete Development

What is LTD?

Long term development

What are the 6 Physical Literacy Stages?

Physical Literacy

1. Active start

2. FUNdamentals

3. Learn to train

Active for Life

1. Train to train

2. Train to complete

3. Train to win

What is “pseudogynecomastia?”

Male breast development

What are the 4 developmental and maturation stages?

1. Skeletal maturity

2. Dental Maturity

3. Age of Menarche

4. Genitalia Maturity

What are intrinsic movements?

Coordinated movements of individual digits used to manage objects in hands

What are Extrinsic movements?

Displace the hand and the in-hand object via upper limb movements.

What are simple synergies?

All hand movements in which the action of all the digits is similar (squeezing rubber band, pinching, dynamic tripod)

What are reciprocal synergies?

Combinations of movements involving the thumb and others involved digits reciprocally and simultaneously interacting to produce reality dissimilar movements.

(Flexion of the fingers as thumb extends, twiddling thumbs, rolling pencil between thumb and fore finger)

What are sequential patterns?

patterns that involve specific sequence of hand movements toward a goal. Tying a knot, unscrewing a lid, squeezing a tube of toothpaste etc.

3 Stages of Writing

1. Supinate grasp (All 4 fingers)

2. Pronate grasp (Palm down)

3. Dynamic tripod (By 7 years)

4 Stages of Drawing

1. Scribbing (Pronate grasp)

2. Combine (Tripod grasp, Shapes)

3. Aggregate (More complex shapes)

4. Pictoral (More precision and complexity)

Define: Health Literacy

Degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic information an services needed to make appropriate health decisions.

Controversies in sports

Commotio Cordis

3 aspects of stability

1. Base of support (area)

2. Centre of Gravity

3. Line of Gravity (down middle)

3 phases of jumping

1. Takeoff

2. In air

3. Landing

5 types of springing in air

Jump, sissone, bound, leap, hop

Define: Project

Throwing an object away from oneself.

Define: Receive

Catching an object that has been projected toward oneself.

Define: Retain

Moving an object whilst moving.

What is a sissone?

Takes off from two feet and lands on one

What is a bound?

One leg to another