Natural selection
Differential survival and reproduction of individuals with favorable traits in the current environment leading to variation of a species
Overproduction of offspring
When the population of a species surpasses the carrying capacity of an environment
Variation
Arises from mutations in the genome, reshuffling of genes through sexual reproduction and migration between populations
Competition
When two species compete for the same limiting resource
Fitness
An organisms reproductive success that reflects how well an organism is adapted to its environment
mutation
Change in the DNA of an organism, can be caused by high-energy sources such as radiation or by chemicals in the environment
speciation
A new species of an organism is created caused by environmental changes that occurs when a group within a species separates from other members of its species and develops its own unique characteristics
Rolls of Evolution
Natural selection, Overproduction of offspring, Variation Competition, Fitness, mutation, and speciation
Evolution
The change in the frequency of an inherited trait in a population over time.
The 4 Eukarya kingdoms
Plantea, Animalia, Fungi, and Protista
Characteristics of the 3 Domains
Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
Plantea
Autotrophs, reproduce A sexually, Multicellular eukaryotes, photosynthesis, non-motile (Bryophyta, flowering plants, and Coniferophyta)
Animalia
Locomotion, lack a cell wall and plastids, heterotrophic, generally sexual reproduction, multicellular, and eukaryotic (Mammals, Amphibians, and Reptiles)
Fungi
eukaryotic, non-vascular, non-motile and heterotrophic organisms, reproduce via spores, lacks chlorophyll (mushrooms)
Protista
eukaryotic and unicellular organism, membrane-bound nucleus, move via cilia or flagella, they HAVE nuclear membranes around their DNA, both forms of reproduction, obtains food through ingestion/absorption/photosynthesis. (Amoebas)
Archaea
Only reproduce Asexually, no photosynthesis, live in extreme environments, ancient group, prokaryotes that can live in extreme environments, have histones
Bacteria
various roles of living things, diverse and important to life, no histones
Eukarya
have histones that are proteins that DNA is wrapped around, “true” nucleus, divided by mitosis
How has bacteria developed antibiotic resistance
Bacteria developed antibiotic resistance through the plasmids, genetic exchange that allowed mutation and promoted offspring that lived longer, bacteria has conjugation that means when two bacteria get together they are able to transfer their plasmids (DNA) containing the allele for resistance,
convergent evolution
when different organisms independently evolve similar traits, independent evolution
Divergent evolution
Divergent evolution represents the evolutionary pattern in which species sharing a common ancestry become more distinct due to differential selection pressure
Analogous Structure
Different ancestors however structures that hold the same function Equal selective pressure! Made those structures have a similar function (birds wing vs bat wing)
Homoloug Structure
Come from a common ancestor with similar structures but hold different functions (arms for swimming, flying, fighting)
Factors that reduce Variation
Inbreeding, genetic drift, restricted gene flow, and small population size
Factors that enhance variation
climate, diet, accidents, culture and lifestyle.