Bio

The small units, or monomers, that make up DNA

Shape of DNA

A-T (adenine-thymine); G-C (guanine-cytosine)

Woman who generated x-ray images of DNA, she povided Watson and Crick with key data about DNA

Developed the double helix model of DNA.

Used X-ray crystallography to study the molecular structure of DNA. Worked with Franklin (did not collaborate well) to create a picture of the DNA molecule which allowed Watson and Crick to deduce the double helix structure of two strands.

The process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself.

a group of enzymes that bond the new nucleotides together

An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks.

An enzyme that connects two fragments of DNA to make a single fragment

the new complementary DNA strand built continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the 5' to 3' direction

Strand of DNA built in short segments that are later joined. The lagging strand always moves away from the replication fork and lags behind building of the leading strand. (3-5 direction)

Small fragments of DNA made on the lagging strand during DNA replication, joined later by DNA ligase to form a complete strand.

An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer using the parental DNA strand as a template.

the regular pattern of growth, DNA duplication, and cell division that occurs in eukaryotic cells

cells grow, carry out normal functions, and replicate their organelles

DNA is replicated

Additional growth happens and the cell prepares for mitosis

the division of the cell nucleus and its contents

the process that divides the cell cytoplasm

one long continuous thread of DNA that consist of numerous genes along with regulatory information.

protein molecules around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin

long strands of DNA found in the eukaryotic cell nucleus; condense to form chromosomes

Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

one half of a duplicated chromosome

Repeated DNA sequences at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes.

first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus

phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles

After the chromosome seperates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis.

The cytoplasm divides, in animal cells the cell membrane pinches inward, and in plant cells vesicles from the Golgi apparatus form a cell plate

A disease in which some body cells grow and divide uncontrollably, damaging the parts of the body around them.

mild, not cancerous

cancerous

the process by which cancer spreads from one place to another

also called body cells, make up most of your body tissues and organs

are sex cells - ova, or eggs, in the female, and spermatozoa, or sperm cells, in the male.

Pair of chromosomes that are the same size, same appearance and same genes.

chromosomes that contain genes for characteristics not directly related to the sex of an organism

Chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual (X and Y chromosomes)

involves the fusion of two gametes, resulting in offspring that are a genetic mixture of both parents

the actual fusion of an egg and a sperm cell

a cell has two copies of each chromosome: one copy from the mother, and one copy from the father. Represented as 2n.

Cell that has only one copy of each chromosome. Represented as n.

a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores.

The nuclear membrane dissolves.

Chromatin tightly coils up.

Homologous chromosomes, each composed of two sister chromatids, come together. Chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchange segments in a process called crossing over.

During metaphase I of meiosis, paired homologous chromosomes line up across the center of the cell.

Homologous pairs separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell

Duplicated chromosomes have reached the poles. Usually, cytokinesis occurs along with telophase.

Chromosomes condense again and become visible. Spindle fibers again form. Nuclear membrane disintegrates again.

Duplicated chromosomes align at the cell equator like they are in mitosis.

the second phase of meiosis consisting of chromatids separating, along with the two diploid cells splitting in two

sister chromatids separate during anaphase

A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.

A chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY instead of XY.

In females who have Turner syndrome, one copy of the X chromosome is missing, partially missing or changed.

Genetic disorder resulting from the presence of 3 #21 chromosomes; characterized by heart and respiratory defects and varying degrees of metal retardation

XX

XY