Myers Psychology for AP 3e - Social Psychology

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 24, 768)

the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 768)

the tendency for observers, when analyzing others' behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 768)

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 770)

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 771)

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 771)

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 771)

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 525, 772)

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 773)

understood rules for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 775)

A form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 776)

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 777)

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 778)

improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 784)

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 785)

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 786)

the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 787)

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 788)

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 15, 789)

an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 792)

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 792)

(1) in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. (In operant conditioning, the ability to distinguish responses that are reinforced from similar responses that are not reinforced.) (2) in social psychology, unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 277, 792)

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 796)

"us"—people with whom we share a common identity. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 796)

"them"—those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 796)

the tendency to favor our own group. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 796)

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 797)

the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 797)

any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 521, 801)

the principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 803)

a culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 146, 804)

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 808)

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 812)

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 813)

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 813)

the act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 814)

unselfish regard for the welfare of others. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 816)

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 817)

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 818)

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 818)

an expectation that people will help those needing their help. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 819)

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 819)

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 819)

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 820)

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 820)

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 821)

a strategy designed to decrease international tensions. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 822)