AP Bio Unit 1

substances that connot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means

when some atoms have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons

when two or more individual elements are combined in a fixed ratio

formed between two atoms when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

charged forms of an atom

formed when electrons are shared between atoms

when electrons are shared equally between atoms

when electrons are shared unequally

molecules that have partially positive and partially negative charges

weak chemical bonds that from when a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom

the ability of water molecules sticking together

when water molecules evaporate from a leaf, pulling on neighboring water molecules drawing up the molecules enabling water to move up the stem

water molecules sticking to other substances

when cohesion and adhesion occurs in thin vessels

when it contains a lot of hydrogen ions (H+)

when it contains a lot of hydroxide ions (OH-)

a basic solution

a scale that is numbered from 1 to 14 measuring the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

<7

7

7

molecules that contain carbon and oxygen

molecules that do not contain carbon molecules

Large molecules made up of repeating units called monomers

Ex. proteins

building blocks of polymers

when a water molecule is lost and a larger compound is formed

when water breaks the bond between the two monomers

organic compounds that contain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

CHO

one sugar

two sugars

many sugars

when two monosaccharides are joined

organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen atoms

perform most of the work in you cells

building blocks of proteins

1. amino group (NH2)

2. Carboxyl group (COOH)

3. Hydrogen

4. R-group

non-polar and uncharged molecules that don’t like water

polar and uncharged molecules that like water

when two amino acids join

when two amino acids bond

when a group of amino acids joins together in a string

when a polypeptide chain twists and folds on itself forming a three-dimensional structure

when the amino acids are in a linear sequence

when the polypeptide forms either an alpha helix or a beta-pleated sheet

when the polypeptide reshapes so that the r-groups interact with each other

when different polypeptide chains interact with each other

proteins involved in the folding of other proteins that help it fold properly and make the process more efficient

organic molecules consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and sometimes phosphorus

function as structural components of cell membranes, energy storage and insulation, and signaling molecules

a fatty acid with hydrogens along its long carbon chain, no double bonds

when there is a double bond in the chain so not all carbons have two hydrogens

lipids that contain two fatty acid" “tails” and one negatively charged phosphate “head”

a molecule that has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region

Ex. phospholipids

a four-ringed molecule that is found here and there in a membrane

type of lipid, increases membrane fluidity except at high temperatures when it helps to hold things together instead

an organic compound that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen as well as sometimes phosphorus

make up nucleic acids

a polymer of nucleic acids that contains the hereditary “blueprints” for all life

a polymer of nucleic acids that is essential for protein synthesis