AP BIO unit 5

segments of DNA

specific location of gene on a certain chromosome

one parent produces identical offspring by mitosis

two parents make unique offspring with combination of genes

ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes

similar chromosomes

22 pairs of chromosomes that do not determine sex

X and Y, (XX=female), (XY=male)

two sets of chromosomes

one set of chromosomes

union of sperm and egg

fertilized egg

homologus chromosomes seperate (2n → n)

sister chromatids seperate (n → n)

Prohase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1 and cytokinesis

Chromosomes condense, homologus chromosomes pair up (synapsis), non-sister chromatids exhange DNA segments (crossing over)

tetrads line up in middle, microtubules from each pole attach to tetrads kinetochores

pairs of homologus chromosomes seperate, sister chromatids remain attached

each half of the cell has a haploid set of chromosomes; each chromosome still consists of two sister chromatids

forms two haploid daughter cells, cleavage furrow forms (animal cells), cell plate forms (plant cells)

Prohase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2 and cytokinesis

spindle apparatus forms

sister chromatids line up in middle, microtublues of each pole attach to kinetochores of sister chromatids

sister chromatids seperate

nuclei form, chromosomes decondense

seperates cytoplasm

(photo)

(photo)

Independent assortment, Crossing over, Random fertilization

number of combinations for independent assortment

what chromosomes are after crossing over

specific variations of genes

always shows in phenotype when inherited (AA , Aa)

only shows in phenotype when dominant is not inherited (aa)

combination of inherited alleles

genotype of 2 same alleles (AA , aa)

genotype of 2 different alleles (Aa)

physical result of genotype

independent events occuring at the same time, this and that together (probability of landing tails on 3 seperate coins, 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5)

mutually exclusive events, this or that

normal inheritance pattern

heterozygous phenotype is a blend of dominant and recessive (red + white = pink)

two dominant alleles affect phenotype in seperate ways (stripes)

family tree that describes inheritance patterns of specific traits

heterozygous individuals who show dominant allele but carry recessive allele