Tags & Description
nucleic acid
DNA and RNA
transcription
DNA acts as a template for the synthesis of RNA
RNA processing
Modification of RNA transcripts, including splicing out of introns, joining together of exons, and alteration of the 5' (mG cap) and 3' ends (poly A tail); only in eukaryotes
translation
the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm
RNA polymerase
An enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription, using a DNA strand as a template.
antisense strand
DNA strand acting as template for transcription
sense strand
strand that has the same base sequence as the mRNA
rRNA
RNA that is combined with special protein that makes up a ribosome
ribosome
Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized during translation
tRNA
transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome
DNA triplet
complimentary to mRNA codon; found in DNA
codon
A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of mRNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid.
anticodon
group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon
AUG
start codon
methionine
first amino acid in most proteins
UGA, UAG, UAA
stop codons
nucleolus
A specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes
TATA box
A DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex.
promoter
A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (TAC) that binds RNA polymerase and indicates where to start transcribing RNA.
transcription factors
A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes
TTATTT
The terminator sequence for transcription
primary mRNA
eukaryotic RNA before it has been processed.
mG cap
added to the 5' end of mRNA during RNA processing; prevents destruction of the mRNA
poly A tail
The modified end of the 3' end of an mRNA molecule consisting of the addition of some 1000 to 250 adenine nucleotides.
RNA splicing
process by which the introns are removed from RNA transcripts and the remaining exons are joined together
introns
A segment of a gene situated between exons that is removed before translation of messenger RNA and does not function in coding for protein synthesis.
exons
A coding region of a eukaryotic gene. Exons, which are expressed, are separated from each other by introns.
spliceosome
A complex assembly that interacts with the ends of an RNA intron in splicing RNA, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons.
charged tRNA
a transfer RNA molecule to which the appropriate amino acid has been attached to the acceptor stem
A site
site in the ribosome that holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain.
P site
site in the ribosome where peptide bonds are formed between amino acids on a growing polypeptide chain
E site
site in the ribosome where uncharged tRNAs leave the ribosome.
frame shift
mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide
operon
A segment of DNA containing adjacent genes including structural genes and an operator gene and a regulatory gene
inducible gene
Genes whose expression is turned on by the presence of some substance. Regulate catabolic pathways.
repressible gene
A gene that is regulated by a corepressor or inhibitor, which are small effector molecules that cause transcription to decrease.
lac operon
a gene system whose operator gene and three structural genes control lactose metabolism in E. coli
trp operon
Group of genes that are used or transcripted together that codes for the components for production of tryptophan
virus
ultramicroscopic particles that contain nucleic acids, proteins, and sometimes lipids
capsid
Outer protein coat of a virus
lytic infection
Process in which a virus enters a cell, makes a copy of itself, and causes the cell to burst.
lysogenic infection
process by which a virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and is replicated along with the host cell's DNA
retrovirus
An RNA virus that reproduces by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome; an important class of cancer
reverse transcriptase
An enzyme encoded by certain viruses that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.
duplication
Change in chromosome structure in which a particular segment is present more than once in the same chromosome
translocation
Change to a chromosome in which a fragment of one chromosome attaches to another part of a chromosome
inversion
a kind of mutation in which the order of the genes in a section of a chromosome is reversed
missense
A point mutation in which a codon that specifies an amino acid is mutated into a codon that specifies a different amino acid.
nonsense
Name the type of mutation where the new codon specifies for a stop codon
silent
A type of mutation where there is no change in the resulting polypeptide.
beta
galactosidase
permease
a protein that aids in the movement of lactose across the cell membrane
regulatory gene
A gene that codes for a protein, such as a repressor, that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes.
promoter region
1st region of a gene, turns gene on and off, informs the gene when protein synthesis must begin
operator region
Binds repressors and inducers (start and stop transcription). Located between the promoter region and the start site.
tryptophan synthetase
enzyme encoded by the trp genes; made up of 5 different proteins
miRNA
functions in RNA interference and post
antiparallel
The opposite arrangement of the sugar
siRNA
use in degrading mRNA
chaperone proteins
Assist in folding other proteins into secondary and tertiary structure
germline mutation
mutation that occur in gametes (sperm & egg); passed onto next generation
somatic mutation
a mutation that occurs in a body cell; not passed onto next generation
vaccine
A weakened or inactive version of a pathogen that stimulates the body's production of antibodies which can aid in destroying the pathogen
viroid
An infectious particle that consists solely of a strand of RNA and is capable of causing disease in plants
prion
Any of various infectious proteins that are abnormal forms of normal cellular proteins, that proliferate by inducing the normal protein to convert to the abnormal form; causing mad cow disease, kuru, and CJD