Unit 2.1-2.2

The basic structural and functional unit of every organism

Bound by a plasma membrane

Contain cytoskeleton

Contain chromosomes

Contain ribosomes

Prokaryotes - consists of the domains bacteria and archaea, dna is in the nucleotide region, generally smaller than eukaryotes

Eukaryotes - consists of the domains protists, fungi, animals, and plants, dna is in the nucleolus, and they contain membrane bound organelles

Membrane bound structures in eukaryotes

Endomembrane organelles - nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, lysosomes, vesticles/vacuoles, plasma membrane

Energy organelles - mitochondria, chloroplasts

Allows for different metabolic reactions to occur in different locations.

1. Increases surface area for reactions

2. Prevents interfering reactions from occurring in the same location

Plants - chloroplasts, central vacuole, cell wall, plasmodesmata

Animals - lysosomes, centrosomes, flagella

Contains the genetic information (chromosomes) and is enclosed by the nuclear envelope

Has a double membrane which has pores - regulate entry and exit of materials

Contains a nucleolus

The dense region where ribosomal rna is synthesized

RRNA is combined with proteins to form large and small sub units of ribosomes

Comprised of ribosomal RNA and protein

Function: synthesize protein

Cytosol “free ribosomes”

Endoplasmic reticulum “bound ribosomes”

Functions - Synthesizes membranes and compartmentalizes the cell to keep proteins formed in the rough ER separate from the free ribosomes

Contains ribosomes bound to its membrane

Contains no ribosomes, synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, and detoxifies the cell

Contains flattened membranous sacs Called cisternae and separates them from the cytosol

Yes - has two faces - the cis and trans face

Cis face - receives vesicles from the ER

Trans face - sends vesicles back out into cytosol to other locations or to the plasma membrane for secretion

Receives transport vesicles with materials from the ER

Modifies the materials - ensures Newley folded proteins are folded correctly

Sorts the materials

Adds molecular tags

Packages materials into new transport vesicles that exit the membrane via exocytocis

Membranous sac with hydrologic enzymes

Function - hydrolyzes macromolecules in animal cells

Autophagy - lysosomes can recycle their own cells organic materials which allows the cell to renew itself

Similar to lysosomes - membrane bound metabolic compartment

• Catalyses reactions that produce H2O2 and they have specific enzymes which break down the H2O2 into H2O

Large vesicles that stem from the ER and Golgi. They are selective in transport

1. Food vacuole - formed via phagocytosis (cell eating) and then are digested by the lysosomes

2. Contractile Vacuole - Maintain water levels in cells

3. Central Vacuole - Found in plants

   • Contains inorganic ions and water

   • Maintains turgor pressure

Site of cellular respiration “Power house of the cell”

Has a double membrane

• Inner membrane is smooth and has folds called Cristal

  • Divides the mitochondria in to two internal compartments and increases the surface area

Is enclosed by the inner membrane (the space between the inner and outer membrane)

Where the Krebs cycle happens

Contains enzymes that catalyze cellular respiration and produce ATP, mitochondrial DNA, and ribosomes

Metabolic activity

Cells with high metabolic activity have more mitochondria

Specialized organelles in photosynthetic organisms

Site of photosynthesis

Contains green pigment chlorophyll

Double membraned

Thylakoids that are organized into stacks called grana and is surrounded by the fluid stroma that contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes

The grana

The stroma

Explains the similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts to prokaryotes

States that early eukaryotic cell engulfed prokaryotic cell

Double membrane, unique dna, ribosomes (all found within the mitochondria and chloroplasts)

• the organelles are able to function on their own

A network of fibers throughout the cytoplasm

Gives structural support and mechanical support

Anchors the organelles

Allows for movement

Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

Hollow rod structures made of the protein tubulin

Grows from the centrosome

Assists in chromosomal separation during cell division

Helps with motion and structural support

Thin solid rods made of the protein actin

Function is to maintain cell shape my bearing tension, assisting in muscle contraction, and division of animal cells (contractile ring of the cleavage)

Fibrous proteins made up of varying subunits that are permanent elements of the cell

Function is to maintain cell shape, anchor nucleus and organelles, and it forms the nuclear lamina that lines the nuclear envelope

The Calvin cycle is the second half of photosynthesis, the light independent reaction, that converts co2 into glucose/energy

The process that happens in the mitochondria that uses glucose which produces ATP and gives out water and carbon dioxide as byproducts