AP Euro -- Reformation Era

Humanists who applied the ideas of individualism and return to classical texts to Christianity with the study of early Christian texts.

Sought reforms in the Catholic Church with the application of Christian Humanism and spread his works through vernacular texts.

English Christian Humanist whose work Utopia focused on a cooperative society; later died opposing Henry VIII’s Anglican Church

the practice of holding several church offices simultaneously; a problem of the late medieval church.

one of the seven sacraments of the Catholic Church. It provided for the forgiveness of one’s sins.

German monk who created Lutheranism in response to the selling of indulgences, believed that God forgave all humanity and it was not necessary to repent

Czech theologian and philosopher who became a Church reformer and was executed for heresy. Became the martyr of many Protestant reformers.

a grant by the Pope of remission of the temporal punishment in purgatory still due for sins after absolution. The unrestricted sale of indulgences by pardoners was a widespread abuse during the later Middle Ages.

Luther expelled from the Church and HRE and forced to burn his works

Social discontent further emphasized by Luther’s turn against traditional authority; led to Luther turning to the nobles instead

a doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church that during the Eucharist, the substance of the bread and wine is miraculously transformed into the body and blood of Jesus.

HRE emperor and Spanish king who failed to secure Catholicism in Europe

1555, allowed equality of Catholicism and Lutheranism and allowed princes to choose their peasants’ religion.

Swiss Protestant reformer who failed to maintain Zwinglism in the key city, Zurich, after clashes with the Catholic Church

Protestants who insisted that only adult baptism conformed to Scripture.  Protestant and Catholic leaders condemned Anabaptists for advocating the complete separation of church and state.

English Protestant Church that formed out of failure for an heir produced by Catherine of Aragon, and divorce was not acceptable in Catholicism

Doctrine espoused by John Calvin that God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved and who will be damned.  Calvin declared that “by an eternal and immutable counsel, God has once and for all determined, both whom he would admit to salvation, and whom he would condemn to destruction.” 

Followed predestination and the close union of state and Church. Later becomes more popular than Lutheranism.

French Calvinists who later caused religious clash in the Three Henrys War.

Diminished woman’s role as religious educator in the household, but made girls required to be literate in order to read the Bible.

English Calvinists later cause conflict in the English Revolution era.

the movement for the reform of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century. It included a revived papacy; the regeneration of old religious orders and the founding of new ones, most notably the Jesuits; and the reaffirmation of traditional Catholic doctrine at the Council of Trent.

Catholic branch that emphasized education, strict obedience, and missions to spread the Society; helped spread Catholicism to a new audience.

Nun who saw mystical visions of God and founded a new order of Carmelite nuns.

1545, Clarified Catholic doctrine and trained priests’ interpretation of the scripture, also restricted the hawking of indulgences. Led to a firm structure of the Church for 400 years.

Era of Religious War in France after a Huguenot massacre at St. Bartholomew Day, but resolved by Henry IV taking the throne.

Huguenot Politique who changed to Catholicism to show his service to France.

Rulers who put political necessities above personal beliefs.  For example, both Henry IV of France and Elizabeth I of England subordinated theological controversies in order to achieve political unity.

Spanish King who was militant on Catholicism in his country

Success of Spanish armada against Ottoman forces that strengthened Spanish Catholicism

Formed after war with Spain under William of Orange of Protestant, especially Calvinists vs. Catholicism

English politique whose steady and strong reign broke societal norms, and succeeded at maintaining the Anglican Church in England

1588, defeat of Spain trying to capture England after Dutch support, led to Anglican strength.