AP Psychology: Unit 6

a branch of psychology that studies physical

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior

all the mental activities associated with thinking

in Piaget's theory

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.

in Piaget's theory

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass

in Piaget's theory

in Piaget's theory the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.

in Piaget's theory

an emotional tie with another person

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.

the transition period from childhood to adulthood

the period of sexual maturation

teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity

"I hope I'm doing this right. I don't want to disappoint my teacher"

"I just want to get through this speech without having anyone ask me questions."

"My new approach to distributing food could end world hunger."

moral development

1896-1980

said that two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth (assimilation and accommodation)

distress and disorientation (especially in adolescence) resulting from conflicting pressures and uncertainty about and one's self and one's role in society

Found that parents who use consistent parenting styles are most likely to have children who have the best social skills in elementary school.

1905-1981

studied attachment of infant monkeys (wire mothers v. cloth mothers)

Infants use the mother as a home base from which to explore when all is well

Infants are wary of exploring the environment and resist or avoid the mother when she attempts to offer comfort or consolation

alternating vowel and consonant sounds that babies repeat with variations of intonation and pitch precede first words

1st stage of combining words pares down to essential words

a behavioral test developed by Mary Ainsworth that is used to determine a child's attachment style

Piaget changing the shape of a substance to see if the child can go beyond the way the substance visually appears to understand that the amount is still the same

parenting style best high nurturing and discipline love clear family rules

parenting style parents provide plenty of rules but rank low on child-centeredness stress unquestionable obedience

parenting style worst parents provide little discipline little nurturing or love

dramatic increase in height and weight that occurs during puberty

life-threatening eating disorder pathological dieting (severe weight loss) distorted body image

eating disorder at least biweekly cycles of binging and purging obsessive attempt to lose weight

small peer group (6 people) similar attitudes and activities

relatively large teenage peer group

Marcia's 4 categories of identity formation: diffusion

status where person feels aimless or totally blocked

decides adult life path without any thought or active search

identity status person actively searches various possibilities to find a truly solid adult life path mature style of constructing an identity

decides adult life path after searching out various options

basic facet of intelligence knowledge base storehouse of accumulated information

Erikson: 8th stage elderly persons decide that their life missions have been fulfilled and therefore accept impending death

illegally laying off workers or failing to hire or promote them on the basis of age

general term for any illness that produces serious

age-related dementia characterized by neural atrophy and abnormal by-products of that atrophy (senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles)

discovered classical conditioning

a type of automatic learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

in classical conditioning

in classical conditioning

Behaviorist that developed the theory of operant conditioning by training pigeons and rats

The application of an aversive stimulus after a behavior to stop that behavior

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli

an innately reinforcing stimulus