AP Test Review Vocab

psychological disorders are due to structural problems in the brain

psychological disorders are due to functional problems in the brain

psychological disorders are due to unconscious pressures

psychological disorders are due to wrong associations of stimulus and response

psychological disorders are due to biological problems in the brain

psychological disorders are due to choosing or using the wrong thoughts

psychological disorders are due to being in the wrong environment

psychological disorders are due to barriers blocking natural growth

psychological disorders are due to conforming to the wrong social situation

Coercion, Informed Consent, anonymity, no risk/harm, careful with deception, debrief, conscious animal research/treatment

how well does a test measure what it says it measures

types: face, construct, criterion-related, predictive

does a test produce consistent results

types: test-retest, parallel/alternative, inter-rater/grader, internal consistency

the study of how the environment and a person’s behavior affect their genes and how they work

brain and spinal cord

connects CNS to the rest of the body

carry signals from the body’s sensory receptors to the brain

carry signals from the brain to the body

Somatic (skeletal muscles), autonomic (automatic systems), sympathetic (responds to stressor), parasympathetic (calms down after stressor)

sensory info enters the body → spinal cord intercepts signal and reacts → motor neurons receive commands from spinal cord → pain stimulants enter the brain

a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

near the kidneys, release fight or flight response (epinephrine)

release growth hormones and tell other glands to release sex and stress hormones

the main reproductive organs, testes, and ovaries

memory

addiction

feel good

fight or flight

calm

excitement

support, nourish, and protect neurons

speaking, muscle movements, thinking, planning, judging, inhibiting behavior

processes physical touch, sense of body positions, facilitates language

visual processing

processes hearing, involved in facial recognition

rear of the frontal lobe

controls voluntary movements

front of parietal lobes

registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

in cerebral cortex

involved in primary motor sensory functions

base of brainstem

controls heartbeat and breathing

above medulla

damage causes coma

stretches from spinal cord through brainstem and thalamus

relay network where neurons cross and are responsible for arousal/attention

top of brainstem

sends signals to other parts of the brain

below thalamus

contains pleasure centers, responsible for fighting, fleeing, feeding, and mating

behind brainstem

processes sensory inputs, enables motor coordination, associated with non-verbal learning

in the core

associated with emotion and aggression

near thalamus

where memories are created and transfers them to long-term memory

ex. HM’s damage was here

connects hemispheres

rear of frontal lobes

controls voluntary big movements

rear of left frontal lobe

language production

left temporal lobe

language comprehension

chemicals that bind to NT receptor sites and activate a response

chemicals that bind to NT sites and block a response

a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that control circadian rhythm

alcohol, benzos, opioids

caffeine, cocaine, ecstacy, nicotine, methamphetamine

cannabis, LSD, SSRIs

wish fulfillment, to remember, reverse learning, conditional activation, primitive instinct rehearsal, to heal, problem-solving, neural activation, cognitive development

pre-conceived way of interpreting a stimulus that is usually culturally or socially reinforced

ex. sensor bleeps

ability to attend to only one voice among many while also being able to detect your own name in an unattended voice

bends light rays to start focusing

expands and contracts due to action of the iris

focuses incoming light rays onto retina

where images are focused; contains rods, cone, neurons

receptor cells that detect white, black, and grey

receptor cells that detect collor

activate in response to the rods and cones being stimulated

neurons that converge to form the optic nerve, which leave and go to the brain

on the retina where the images are focused

cornea → anterior chamber → lens → retina

tendency to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes

organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings

perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

depth cues, such as retinal disparity

use both eyes

depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective

use only one eye

an illusion of movement created when 2 or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change

the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgements

pressure, warmth, cold, pain

sensory receptors that detect hurtful temperatures, pressures, and chemicals

sweet, salty, sour, bitter

your sense of the position and movement of your body parts

the sense of the body movement and position including the sense of balance

the brain’s natural processing of vision

simultaneously process many different aspects of a stimulus

the cones are sensitive to either red, green, or blue and combinations of these allow us to see color

we have three opponent color pairs: red/green, yellow/blue, black/white

when our brains perceive objects as having consistency even when visual input differs

when our sense of vision and hearing conflict with each other, vision wins

the more something stands out from the crowd, the more likely it is to be seen

an organisms decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

the process of observing and imitating a specific behvaior

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

ex. imagining yourself getting an A on a test

ex. imagining yourself studying hard

the loss of the previous ability to write

difficulty getting your mouth to produce words, brain struggles to create words

difficulty knowing what something is but can’t comprehen

difficulty producing speech as a result from physical injuries in the face

incoherent words that only make sense to the speaker

Sensorimotor (object permanence), Pre-operational (language), concrete operational (think logically), formal operational (consider hypotheticals)

trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame and doubt, competence vs inferiority, identity vs role confusion, intimacy vs isolation, generativity vs stagnation, integrity vs despair

pre-conventional (avoiding punishment and self-interest), conventional (good boy attitude and law and order morality), post-conventional (social contract and principle)