AP Psychology Unit 14

An increase in a person's performance due to being in a group.

A decrease in a person's performance due to being in a group.

when group members lose their sense of personal identity/responsibility and the individuals feel anonymous or no sense of personal responsibility (mob mentality)

An excessive tendency to seek concurrence/agreement among group members.

When individuals in a group have similar views and this leads to their options to become more extreme.

-Rules in a society about what is acceptable.
-Group members are expected to follow these social norms.
-Norms may be formal (laws) or informal

-An inconsistency between a person's beliefs and behaviors that causes a person discomfort (anxiety, tension)
-The person then may be motivated to change their beliefs or behavior to match in order to reduce the discomfort.

The scientific study of how the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of other people.

People many times will conform to the group even when the group is obviously wrong. Factors: At least 3 people in the group, admiration for the group, culture, everyone else agrees.

Obedience to Authority- How far would the subjects go in following orders when administering painful and possibly lethal shocks to others? Milgram's study influenced the APA to create ethical guidelines for experiments in the field of psychology.

-The weakening of each group member to act or accept responsibility when it is perceived to be shared with all group members (bystanders).
-In studies, the more bystanders or witnesses to the event, the less likely people will get involved.

bystander effect (woman murdered; no one helped-less likely to help when others present)
-caused by diffusion of responsibility

an experiment in which people were assigned to be guards or prisoners- studied how drastically behaviors can change under certain influences

Most people seek out people who are perceived to be around the same level of physical attractiveness as themselves.

People will begin relationships with people nearest to them and who they have the most contact with.

People will most likely pair up (start a friendship or date) with someone similar to them.

Repeated exposure to a stimulus increases a person's liking of the stimulus.

People decide whether to pursue a relationship by weighing the potential value of the relationship against their expectation of success in establishing the relationship.

We prefer those who give us the maximum rewards.

When people share intimate personal details about themselves, it shows trust. These exchanges generally lead to more attraction between people.

intimacy, passion, commitment

intimacy and passion

intimacy and commitment

passion and commitment

22 boys split into two groups. One team vs the other in competitions to receive prize. Being in a competition with each other, both teams became more aggressive against the opposing team.

When people favor their own group and hold the other groups in a negative light.

When two groups must work together to accomplish a goal.

Following the orders of a central, powerful figure.

Going along with whatever the rest of the group wanted to do.

Acting out the part of a label.

Deals with inner group conflicts, stereotypes, and discriminatory behaviors.

strategies to get others to comply with your wishes. Foot-in-the-door, door-in-the-face, norms of reciprocity, bait and switch, low ball

A small request is followed by a larger request.

An unrealistically large request is followed by a smaller request.

People have the tendency to feel obligated to reciprocate (return) kind behavior.

You're presented with one thing, but upon purchasing, it is something quite different.

Price is low but when you try to purchase it the price is substantially higher.

Devises used to persuade: Mere-exposure effect, central route of persuasion, peripheral route of persuasion

Bombard potential consumers with product until they like it.

info/facts about product

Associating the product with something (fun, wealth, etc.) or a celebrity or other means of persuasion.

Belief that the world is just (fair) and that people get what they deserve.

Suggests how we explain the causes of behavior and events. We credit behavior either to the situation or to the person's internal disposition.

inference that a person's behavior is caused by something about the situation

inference that a person's behavior is caused by something about the person

The tendency to overemphasize personal traits and ignore or underemphasize the situational/external factors.

The tendency to attribute one's OWN successes to personal characteristics (internal factors), and one's failures to factors beyond one's control (external factors).

The tendency to attribute our OWN behavior to external/situational factors but OTHER people's behavior to internal/dispositional factors.

Judging other cultures by your culture's standards. Viewing YOUR culture as better or correct and others as inferior/backwards/primitive.

When things go wrong, people tend to find a target to blame.

The belief that others experience and see the world the same as you do.

The tendency to recall faces more accurately than faces of other races (cross race effect/own-race bias).

People who don't have diverse first-hand experiences (diverse friendships, etc.) tend to revert to stereotypes and generalizations.

Thoughts that happen unconsciously. Associations that one makes. They are acquired from media images, news images, conversations, and education.