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the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring
What is genetics?
physical traits, life functions, and behavior
What do genes determine?
one is sections of DNA that contain information for a particular traits and the other is a variation of genes allowing for diverse expression
What is the difference between genes and alleles?
Asexual reproduction - occurs in unicellular (bacteria) and some multicellular organisms one organism makes copies of itself and its genes; Sexual reproduction - Offspring receive half of their genes from an egg cell and half from a sperm cell
What are 2 ways organisms are passed traits and describe the difference between the 2 ways?
Yes unless your an identical twin
Are your combination of genes unique?
No some are learned from your environment
Are ALL traits inherited?
To understand how traits are inherited, To find out how species are related (common ancestors), Learn how genetics play a role in development of disease, Learn of genes control growth and development
What are the 4 reasons scientists study genetics?
the selection and breeding of organisms for desired traits; ex. breeding dogs
What is selective breeding? Give an example.
Gregor Mendel
Who experimented with pea plants?
that trait blended from parents to offspring
What popular theory did Mendel reject?
The offsprings
What is a hybrid?
a genetic factor that blocks another genetic factor
What is a dominant trait?
a genetic factor that is blocked by the presence of a dominant factor
What is a recessive trait?
Uppercase
What letter represents a dominant trait?
Lowercase
What letter represents a recessive trait?
Dominant
If an individual is heterozygous will the dominant or recessive trait show as the phenotype?
when an organism's genotype has 2 different alleles
What does heterozygous mean?
Tt
what is an example of a heterozygous genotype
when an organism’s phenotype has 2 of the same alleles
What does homozygous mean?
TT
what is an example of a homozygous dominant genotype
tt
what is an example of a homozygous recessive genotype
Mendel
Who is the father of genetics?
no
Do probabilities/predictions guarantee outcomes?
A cross between 2 individuals that are hybrids for one trait
What does monohybrid cross mean?
To show the probability of all possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring
What is the purpose of a Punnett square?
when an offspring’s phenotype is a combination of its parent’s phenotypes
What is incomplete dominance?
white and black dog produce a gray offspring
what is an example of incomplete dominance
when both alleles can be independently observed in a phenotype
What is codominance?
a person with type AB blood
what is an example of codominance
XY
What sex chromosomes do males have?
X
What sex chromosomes do females have?
Traits that are controlled by many genes causing a range of outcomes
What is polygenic inheritance?
human height
What is an example of polygenic inheritance?
It shows a genetic traits that were inherited by members of a family
What is a pedigree?
yes
Are some diseases more common in some families than others?
any permanent change in the sequence of DNA in a gene or chromosome of a cell
What is a mutation?
Blood cells
What is the main example of a mutation used in class (th picture / case study)?
to modify the genes to enhance the capabilities of the organism beyond what is normal
What is the purpose of genetic engineering?
Some people cannot produce insulin, Scientists inserted the human insulin gene into bacteria, Bacteria produce human insulin, Human who cannot produce insulin inject this insulin to reach homeostasis
What is a real-world example of genetic engineering?
Note
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