Macromolecules test

Small particles that can be bonded together which forms the basic unit of polymers, which are essential in making biomolecules. They form together with covalent bonds.

Multiple monomers that are joined together. A long chain that contains monomers to make biomolecules. Happens when monomers bond together.

-ose

(CH₂O)n

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

C6H12O6

The monomers of carbohydrates. They are also known as simple sugars. They contain one monomer.

A combination of two monosaccharides.

The monosaccharide with a ring-like structure that living things use to produce energy.

A combination of multiple monosaccharides.

A method to store energy.

The molecule that plants use to give stems strength.

Found in animals and its main purpose is to store energy.

The major use is energy production. During the process of cellular respiration, cells use glucose molecules to produce energy.

Used to make the exoskeletons in many animals.

It has a very important role in the structure of many organisms.

Helpful for digestion. Fibrous (insert word here) pass through the digestive system of animals.

Made of amino acids linked together in a "string".

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Also sulfur and selenium.

Polymers that are produced by putting amino acid molecules together. Compounds that are amino acids connected by peptide bonds.

Macromolecules that regulate the body's organs & tissue health.

Regulate the digestive system, nucleotide expression, & muscle health. It allows metabolic reactions to occur, provides the body with structural framework, helps repair and build body tissue, and helps maintain proper pH(buffer).

Protein catalysts that speed up the rate for biological reactions. It limits activation energy to prevent the person from dying from having too much energy and it breaks down and builds different fats, proteins, and carbohydrates by breaking polymers apart.

Elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction.

A reactant of a enzyme-catalyzed reaction.

The enzyme (activation site) and substrate link and bonds in the substrate weaken polymers into two different monomers. It can also make polymers.

Carbohydrate amount x 4. Protein amount x 4. Lipid(fats) amount x 9.

Elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction.

Energy needed to get a reaction started.

A process that changes, or transforms, one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals.

A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.

A blood protein inside red blood cells. It carries oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body. It also brings carbon dioxide back from the body tissues and to the lungs.

-ase

Peptide bonds. This is why proteins are known as polypeptides.

The Amino group, Carboxyl group, the Hydrogen group, and the R group

A nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen atoms.

A variable group that makes the amino acids unique because there are different atoms that can make this final connection while all other groups have all the amino acids.

The group is a carbon atom connected to an oxygen atom and an OH.

A Carbon atom.

One of the four covalent bonds from the central carbon atom connects to an amino group. Another covalent bond is connected to the Carboxyl group. The third covalent bond of the central carbon atom is connected to a hydrogen atom. The final covalent bond from the central carbon atom will connect to the R group.

Formed when the carbon in the Carboxyl group "drops" the OH and the nitrogen in the amino group "drops" one of the hydrogens. The carbon and nitrogen then connect through a covalent bond to link the amino acids.

A string of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

20

20 different ones. The cells in the body need all 20 to build proteins.

11

Valine, Lysine, Methionine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Tryptophan, Phenylalanine, Histidine, Threonine.

It will have strands, pleats, and helix shaped segments. This protein will fold onto itself to form the shape that is required for that specific protein.

The ribosome of the cell.

Organelles that are coded to produce proteins.

Nucleic acids that codes for proteins.

Two types of nucleic acids and each have separate jobs.

Stores information needed to create a protein. It has the nucleobase thymine. Has deoxyribose.

Regulates the expression of information during protein synthesis. It has the nucleobase Uracil. It transfers to where chromosomes are made. Has ribose.

Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine

Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Ribonucleic acid

A base, sugar(deoxyribose), and a phosphate group.

The monomers of nucleic acids.

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. The same elements as proteins.

Meat, seafood, legumes, fish, mushrooms, and all living things.

A class of biomolecules which are found in all living organisms and are responsible for the storage of genetic information and for the process of protein synthesis.

Made of white blood cells called B cells, they fight off harmful invaders called antigens. They do this by attaching themselves to antigens and destroying them. They fight bacteria, fungi, viruses, and toxins and provide protection from re-exposure to the antigen.

Red meat, poultry, seafood, and dairy.

Fats, phosphoplipids, and steroids.

Saturated fats and unsaturated fats.

The building blocks of the fats in the foods we eat and our bodies. The monomers of lipids.

Monomers bind to other monomers to form repeating chain molecules through a cycle.

Amino acids

"Mono" means "one" and "mer" means "part".

Many parts.

Monomers that are joined together.

The process of polymers breaking down into monomers using enzymes to break down or decompose the chemical bonds. A water molecule is consumed into the enzyme to break down the chemical bonds.

A chemical reaction that combines monomers to create a polymer. A water molecule is removed/released so that the monomers can chemically bond into polymers. Catalysts speed up the reaction without becoming part of it. Provides energy to the cells.

Dehydration synthesis.

Dissaccharides and polysaccharides.

Polypeptides are chains made of amino acids.

DNA and RNA. Polymer chains of nucleotides

Diglycerides and triglycerides. Chain of monomers made up of glycerol and fatty acids.

Linear and branched.

Many monomers in a single line.

Made up of monomers in a branched structure.

Polymers that are derived from two different types of monomers.

Yes, they can withstand their original properties after being exposed to a chemical property for a long time.

A type of fatty acid where there are all single bonds.

A type of fatty acid that has one unsaturated carbon bond (double bond)

A type of fatty acid that has many (poly) unsaturated carbon bonds

Animal fats, butter, cakes, cheese

Plant oils (peanut and olive oils)

Sunflower, canola, and soybean oil

The head portion of a phospholipid that is the hydrophilic part of the monomer

C3H8O3

A polymer that forms when glycerol combines with three fatty acids - found in alcohol

Formed when glycerol reacts with two fatty acids within its hydroxyl groups.

Found in processed foods - they have been linked to increased risk of heart disease and stroke

Help store long term energy for cells and the body. Once carbohydrates are used up for quick/short-term energy, they kick in for longer energy usage. Help form the hydrophobic cell membrane in cells.

A hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.

Fatty acids, a glycerol component, and both a phosphate group and a polar molecule.

Due to their non-polar covalent bonds which are insolvable. Water only dissolves in polar bonds.

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus