APES "Food" Review; Miller 7920

Dung and urine of animals used as a form of organic fertilizer.

Raising marine and freshwater fish in ponds and underwater cages

The combination of fish farming and growing plants without soil.

Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.

Focuses on the production of genetically modified organisms (GMOS) to increase crop productivity or create new varieties of crops

The process of cutting down all the trees in an area at once

mixture of inorganic plant nutrients such as nitrates, phosphates applied to soil

a composition of largely decaying matter used as fertilizer

Concentrations of particular aquatic species suitable for commercial harvesting in a given ocean area or inland body of water.

Organisms created by combining natural or synthetic genes using the techniques of molecular biology.

Freshly cut or still-growing green vegetation that is plowed into the soil to increase the organic matter and humus available to support crop growth.

Agricultural "revolution" that increased production through improved seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation.

Form of agriculture in which farmers grow plants by exposing their roots to a nutrient-rich water solution instead of soil.

Using large inputs of energy from fossil fuels (especially oil and natural gas), water, fertilizer, and pesticides to produce large quantities of crops and livestock for domestic and foreign sale.

-manages pest damage by most economic means and least hazardous, helps protect crop yields, allows production rates to increase. to suppress pests: Biocontrol, Chemicals, when necessary, Population monitoring, Habitat alteration, Crop rotation and transgenic crops, Alternative tillage methods, Mechanical pest removal

Growing two or more different crops at the same time on a plot. For example, a carbohydrate-rich grain that depletes soil nitrogen and a protein-rich legume that adds nitrogen to the soil may be intercropped.

farming strategy in which large fields are planted with a single crop, year after year

organic material such as animal manure, green manure, and compost applied to cropland as a source of plant nutrients

The use of crop rotation, natural fertilizers such as manure, and biological pest control, as opposed to artificial fertilizers,pesticides, hormones, antibiotics, additives, and genetically modified organisms, to promote healthy vigorous crops.

insects, rodents, etc. that cause damage to crops

Any one of various substances used to kill harmful insects (insecticide), fungi (fungicide), vermin, or other living organisms that destroy or inhibit plant growth, carry disease, or are otherwise harmful.

Production system based on a large estate organized to produce a cash crop; often trees. Many plantations were established within the tropics.

Complex form of intercropping in which a large number of different plants maturing at different times are planted together.

Process that occurs when soils in arid areas are brought under cultivation through irrigation. In arid climates, water evaporates quickly off the ground surface, leaving salty residues that render the soil infertile.

cutting down only some trees in a forest and leaving a mix of tree sizes and species behind

System of cultivation that usually exists in tropical areas where vegetation is cut close to the ground and then ignited. The fire introduces nutrients into the soil, thereby making it productive for a relatively short period of time.

A mixture of mineral particles and organic material that covers the land, and in which terrestrial plants grow.

a method to maintain the fertility of the soil by protecting the soil from erosion and nutrient loss

the wearing away and removal of rock and soil particles from exposed surfaces by agents such as moving water, wind, or ice

alternating crops in strips, helps anchor soil

creating flat platforms in the hillside that provide a level planting surface, which reduces soil runoff from the slope.

farmers increase their inputs of human and draft-animal labor, fertilizer, and water to obtain higher crop yields

when each family in a community grows crops for themselves and rely on animal and human labor to plant and harvest crops.

saturation of soil with irrigation water or excessive precipitation so that the water table rises close to the surface

Belts of trees along field edges to reduce wind erosion

food crop that lasts from year to year

a body of permeable rock that can contain or transmit groundwater.