Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception

________ explains that some pain messages have a higher priority than others.

________ is the height of the wave and determines the loudness of the sound, which is measured in decibels.

________ is the difference in the images seen by each eye.

________ outnumber cones (the ratio is approximately twenty to one) and are distributed throughout the retina.

________- If a spot of light is projected steadily onto the same place on a wall of an otherwise dark room and people are asked to stare at it, they will report seeing it move.

Bottom- up processing, also called feature ________, is the opposite of top- down processing.

________ in binocular cues is the process of both eyes turning inward to focus on an object that is close to the viewer.

Perception researchers ________ (1926- 2013) and Torsten Wiesel (1924- present) discovered that groups of neurons in the visual cortex respond to different types of visual images.

________ in our muscles and joints send information to our brain about our limbs.

________ refers to the length of the waves and determines pitch, measured in megahertz.

________ sense five different types of tastes: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami (savory or meaty taste)

________- Objects that are close together are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group.

________- Despite changing light reflection, we see objects as a constant color.

________ investigates the effects of the distractions and interference we experience while perceiving the world.

The opponent- process theory states that the ________ arranged in the retina come in pairs: red /green pairs, yellow /blue pairs, and black /white pairs.

________- A series of lightbulbs turned on and off at a particular rate will appear to be one moving light.

________- Psychologists are skeptical of ESP claims primarily because our senses are well understood, and researchers do not find reliable evidence that we can perceive sensations other than through our sight, smell, hearing, taste, touch, and vestibular /balance systems.

________ are located on papillae, which are the bumps you can see on your tongue.

________ and X- rays are shorter than visible light.

In vision, ________ occurs when light activates the neurons in the retina.

Shadowing- By shading part of your picture, you can imply where the ________ is and thus imply depth and position of objects.

________ can create a perceptual set, which is a predisposition to perceiving something in a certain way.

________ is the dominant sense in human beings.

________ are sensed by the rate at which the cells fire.

A(n) ________ is not perceiving a stimulus that is present.

________ used the visual cliff experiment to determine when human infants can perceive depth.

________- ________ holds that the hair cells in the cochlea respond to different frequencies of sound based on where they are located in the cochlea.

________ is a useful response because it warns us of potential dangers.

________ are visual cues that are used by the brain to determine depth and distance.

The ________ pointed out that we normally perceive images as groups, not as isolated elements.

The reflected light first enters the eye through the ________, a protective covering.

A(n) ________ is when we think we perceive a stimulus that is not there.

Objects that make up a(n) ________ are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group even if the image contains gaps that the mind needs to fill in.

The ________ where the nerves cross each other is called the optic chiasm.

The spot where the ________ leaves the retina has no rods or cones, so it is referred to as the blind spot.

The waves travel down the ear canal (also called the ________) until they reach the eardrum or tympanic membrane.

is the dominant sense in human beings.

It indicates light energy.

The reflected light first enters the eye through the _ a protective covering.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, a group of researchers called the ________ described the principles that govern how we perceive groups of objects.

Then the light goes through the

It indicates light energy.This affects brightness

cones that detect the different colors blue, red, and green (the primary colors of light)

red/green pairs, yellow/blue pairs, and black/white pairs

Place theory holds that the hair cells in the cochlea respond to different frequencies of sound based on where they are located in the cochlea

sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami (savory or meaty taste)

Objects that are close together are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group

Objects that are similar in appearance are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group

Objects that are arranged in a continuous line or curve (such as a trail or a geometric figure) are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group

Similar to top-down processing

We estimate size based on distance, but closer objects produce larger retinal images

Objects seen from different angles appear different on our retinas, but their shape is constant

Despite changing light reflection, we see objects as a constant color

A series of lightbulbs turned on and off at a particular rate will appear to be one moving light

If a spot of light is projected steadily onto the same place on a wall of an otherwise dark room and people are asked to stare at it, they will report seeing it move

By shading part of your picture, you can imply where the light source is and thus imply depth and position of objects

Psychologists are skeptical of ESP claims primarily because our senses are well understood, and researchers do not find reliable evidence that we can perceive sensations other than through our sight, smell, hearing, taste, touch, and vestibular/balance systems

The muscles that control the pupil

light that enters the pupil is focused by the lens

is curved and flexible in order to focus the light.

which is like a screen on the back of your eye.

refers to the translation of incoming stimuli into neural signals.

are concentrated toward the center of the retina.

At the very center of the retina is an indentation called the_ that contains the highest concentration of cones.

If enough bipolar cells fire, the next layer of cells __ is activated.

The axons of the ganglion cells make up the optic nerve that sends these impulses to a specific region in the thalamus called the

The spot where the optic nerve leaves the retina has no rods or cones, so it is referred to as the

The spot where the nerves cross each other is called the

discovered that groups of neurons in the visual cortex respond to different types of visual images.

This theory hypothesizes that we have three types of cones in the retina: cones that detect the different colors blue, red, and green (the primary colors of light).

states that the sensory receptors arranged in the retina come in pairs: red/green pairs, yellow/blue pairs, and black/white pairs.

is the height of the wave and determines the loudness of the sound, which is measured in decibels.

refers to the length of the waves and determines pitch, measured in megahertz.

auditory canal

or tympanic membrane.

malleus

incus

stapes

a structure shaped like a snail’s shell filled with fluid.

which are neurons activated by movement of the hair cells.

holds that the hair cells in the cochlea respond to different frequencies of sound based on where they are located in the cochlea.

Research demonstrates that place theory accurately describes how hair cells sense the upper range of pitches but not the lower tones.

occurs when something goes wrong with the system of conducting the sound to the cochlea (in the ear canal, eardrum, hammer/anvil/stirrup, or oval window).

occurs when the hair cells in the cochlea are damaged, usually by loud noise.

If touch or temperature receptors are stimulated sharply, a different kind of nerve ending called pain receptors will also fire.

Helps explain how we experience pain the way we do.

Taste buds are located all over the tongue and some parts of the inside of the cheeks and roof of the mouth.

also depends on chemicals emitted by substances.

tells us about how our body is oriented in space.

gives us feedback about the position and orientation of specific body parts.

is the smallest amount of stimulus we can detect.

sometimes called just-noticeable difference, is the smallest amount of change needed in a stimulus before we detect a change.

are theories that explain how people perceive and interpret the world around them.

investigates the effects of the distractions and interference we experience while perceiving the world.

is when we think we perceive a stimulus that is not there.

is not perceiving a stimulus that is present.

occurs when you use your background knowledge to fill in gaps in what you perceive.

mental representations of how we expect the world to be.

which is a predisposition to perceiving something in a certain way.

also called feature analysis, is the opposite of top-down processing.