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Order of writing process
1. Prewriting
2. Drafting
3. Revising
4. Editing
5. Publishing
stream of consciousness technique
record all ideas related to a topic as they come to one's mind
refers to the graphic representation of related ideas around central concept
idea mapping
Venn Diagram
compare and contrast
journaling
The process of writing out thoughts and emotions on a regular basis.
the purpose of citation
to give credit to a source
revision
the flow sentences can be imporved
formal writing
for adressing a superior in a school or work environment
business letters, textbooks, and newspaper
informal writing
appropriate for private letters, personal emails, and business correspondence between close associates
what is the purpose of writing an outline
helps writer create a draft
simple subject
the main word or word group that tells whom or what the sentence is about
use of semicolon
To separate independent clauses not connected by a coordinating conjunction (and, but,
transition words
Words and devices that bring unity and coherence to a piece of writing.
Examples: however, in addition, and on the other hand.
homophones
same sound, different meaning or spelling
-bearing/baring
-cite/sight/site
homographs
same spelling, different meaning or sound
-tear/tear
-park/park
what punctuation fits best?
You are right___we should go with your plan.
semicolon
what punctuation fits best?
Bob caught three fish___and I caught two fish.
comma
colons
must come after a complete ind. clause
used to call attention to the words that follow it
ex- He started with an idea: "We are able to do more than we imagine."
affect (n)
feeling, emotion, or mood that is displayed
- The patient had a flat affect
affect (v)
to alter, to change, to influence
- The sunshine affects the plant's growth
effect (n)
result, consequence
- what effect will this weather have on our schedule
effect (v)
to bring about, to cause to be
- These new rules with effect order in the office
declarative sentence
gives information or makes a statement
imperative sentence
sentence used to command or enjoin
adjective
A word that describes a noun
which one? what kind? how many?
articles
Three adjectives are articles: "a", "an", and "the". The two indefinite articles are "a" and "an", because when you use them, you are describing a noun or pronoun that is "indefinite", or one of many. When you use "the", you are describing a specific noun or a "definite" one.
adverb
A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb
when? where? how? why?
preposition
A word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word
in, around, beneath, among
conjunction
A word used to join words or groups of words
coordinating conjunction
FANBOYS=for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
correlative conjunction
EITHER/OR, NEITHER/NOR, BOTH/AND join pairs of ideas
Subordinating Conjunctions
if, as, since, when, because
general nouns
Names of conditions or ideas
collective nouns
name a group of people or things
pronouns
Replaces a noun. Examples: I, he, she, they, it, his
relative pronouns
who, whom, whose, which, that
interrogative pronoun
pronoun that asks a question; examples: who, whom, whose, what, which
demonstrative pronoun
this, that, these, those
indefinite pronoun
all, any, each, everyone, either/neither, one, some, several
reciprocal pronoun
each other, one another
transitive verb
action indicates a receiver
-she PLAYS the piano
intransitive verb
does not have a direct object
- He SLEPT
action verb
shows action
- He SINGS
linking verb
links two words together
- i AM John
complete subject
includes all of the words in the subject of a sentence.
-the small, red car is the one he wants for christmas.
predicates
explains or describes the subject
-John and Jane SING ON TUESDAY NIGHTS AT THE DANCE HALL
direct object
a noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb
- I took the BLANKET
indirect object
a word in the predicate that tells to whom or for whom something is done
- We taught THE OLD DOG a new trick
antecedent
the noun that the pronoun replaces
adjective clause
a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or pronoun
prepositional phrase
A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun.
- The picnic is ON THE BLANKET
verbal
word formed from a verb but acting as a noun, adjective, or adverb
-WALK a mile a day
participle
A verb form that can be used as an adjective
-dance/dancing/danced
participle phrase
a phrase containing a participle and any modifiers or complements
-SHIPWRECKED ON AN ISLAND, the boys started to fish for food
gerund
A verb form ending in -ing that is used as a noun
- teachING
interrogative sentence
A sentence that asks a question
simple sentence
one independent clause and no dependent
compound sentence
two or more independent clauses with no dependent clause
complex sentence
ind. clause + dep. clause
-Although he had the flu, Harry went to work
compound complex sentence
at least 2 independent clauses and at least 1 dependent clause
- John is my friend, who went to India, and he brought back the souveniers
dangling modifier
a word or phrase that modifies a word not clearly stated in the sentence
cliches
overused expressions
jargon
used among peers of a trade or profession
- He is going to TOENAIL to these frames for us
slang
informal language
- Yes, that party was a BLAST
Collolquialism
word or phrase that is found in informal writing
WIll be familiar to a greater range of people
- Can YALL come back another time
1st person point of view
I, me, we
2nd person point of view
you
3rd person point of view
narrator is NOT involved in the story; uses "he," "she," "they
most common POV
methods of developing paragraphs
illustrations
analogies
cause and effect
narration paragraph
tells a story by presenting events in chronological (time) order. Most narratives move in an orderly sequence from beginning to end, from first event to last
descriptive paragraph
makes a verbal portrait of a person, place, or thing
-sight, sound, smells, taste, touch
process paragraph
related time order
-first, you open up the bottle. Second, you pour the liquid
elements of the writing process
brainstorming
free writing
planning
drafting
brainstorming
used to help groups generate multiple ideas and alternatives for solving problems
with a paper and pen, write every thought you have about the topic in a word or phrase
free writing
the more structured form of brainstorming
take a limited amount of time to write everything that comes to mind about a topic
planning
process of organizing a piece of writing before composing a draft
creating an outline
identify the topics, main ideas, and the general organization of the composition
drafting
using plan, outline, or graphic organizer to compose their first draft
revising
first and broadest
adresses an appropriate audienc, includes all necessary material,. maintains focus throughout, and is organized locally
editing
The process of updating a document to make changes, correct errors, and make it visually appealing
proofreading
Correcting grammar, spelling, and punctuation
recusing writing process
revist steps after completeing other steps
circumfexes
add parts before and after words
ex- enlighten
en-
-en
interfixes
compound words via central affixes
speed+meter- speedometer
interfix is -o-