US History study guide

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• Industry; overproduction of goods not being bought

• Agriculture; more products than what was being sold

• Consumer spending; people would pay for things they couldn’t afford (credit) creating dept

• Distribution of wealth; unequal

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• Employment; many lost jobs and not many new ones were offered due to businesses closing

• Housing; lost homes because they couldn’t afford

• Farming; drought/ lost farms

• Race relations; white citizens were violent towards minorities bc they didn’t want to compete with them for jobs

• Family life; children had to work/ lacked education

• Physical health; medical care was too expensive/ unhygienic conditions

• Emotional health; high suicide rates

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• Black Tuesday

• People created debt by overusing credit and stock+ buying on margin

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• Believed the function of government was to guide the relief efforts not participate in them

• Boulder dam: dam created to create jobs

• Federal Home Loan Bank Act (lowered mortgage rates) and Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC, provided money for projects to create jobs)

/WW1 vets who marched to Washington to demand their war bonuses/ Hoover used tear gas to get rid of them ruining his already bad reputation

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Oklahoma farmers that migrated to California looking for work

homeless people

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• The grapes of wrath novel by John Steinbeck

• Gone with the wind, one of the most popular films of all time

• Orson Welles: actor, director, producer, writer, creator of radio broadcast The War of the Worlds

• Richard Wright: African American author of Native Son

• Zora Neale Hurston: African American author of Their eyes were watching God

• Government paid artists to create public art to promote positive images of American society

money or food given directly from the government to the needy

area of the great plains made worthless for farming by drought and dust storms in the 1930

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• Roosevelt won by a landslide against Hoover and became 32nd president

• Within 100 days already had New Deal plan to end the Depression

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1. Relief for the needy

2. Economic recovery

3. Financial reform

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• AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Act) raised crop prices by lowering production and paying farmers to leave some land seedless

• TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority) helped the region by creating jobs, building dams, and controlling floods

• FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) provided insurance for peoples savings

• Social Security Act provided aid to people with disabilities and pensions for retired people

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• Both women in important government positions (first lady, secretary of labor)

• New Deal made gave women more job opportunities

/Supreme court found NIRA and AAA unconstitutional, so Roosevelt proposed a bill that would allow him to appoint more justices

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• People criticized the use of deficit spending (spending more money than making) to finance the New Deal

• Liberals said they weren't doing enough

• Conservatives said the government had too much control

• Critics:

1. Dr. Francis Townsend- proposed a pension plan for elderly

2. Huey Long- proposed Share-Our-Wealth program

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• Joseph Stalin- communist dictator of Soviet Union

• Benito Mussolini- Fascist dictator of Italy

• Adolf Hitler- Nazi dictator of Germany

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• Caused the American declaration of war against Japan

• The attack was intended to neutralize the US pacific fleet but instead sank/damaged 12 US navy ships

• Germany and Italy declared war on America because of alliances

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• Wanted to stay out of foreign conflict (isolationsim)

• Neutrality Acts (until they were changed)

• Lend-and-Lease-Act allowed lending or leasing arms to any nation "whose defense was vital to the US"

Systematic murder of 11 million Jews and other people in Europe by the Nazis

/Agreement between Germany and Russia not to attack each other (which Germany did not keep their word on)

/German U-boats sank US boats sending supplies to Britain and Russia bringing US into conflict with Germany

Blitzkrieg, or lightning strike, were swift and quick military tactics with helped the Germans gain land quickly.

/The Battle of Britain was a major air campaign fought largely over southern England in the summer and autumn of 1940. After the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force from Dunkirk and the Fall of France, Germany planned to gain air superiority in preparation for an invasion of Great Britain.

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• Women's Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) women volunteers who served in noncombat positions

• Office of Price Administration (OPA) agency of the federal government that fought inflation --> rationing- restricted the amount of food and other goods people could buy during war to assure adequate supplies for the military

• War Production Board (WPB) government agency that decided which companies would make war materials

• Manhattan Project- secret research project that resulted in the atomic bomb

• Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) interracial organization formed to fight discrimination

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• D-Day: allied invasion to liberate Europe, history's largest land-sea-air attack

• Battle of Stalingrad was a turning point in the war

• Battle of the Bulge- Germans lost and had to retreat

• V-E Day-On Victory in Europe Day, or V-E Day, Germany unconditionally surrendered its military forces to the Allies, including the United States. On May 8, 1945 - known as Victory in Europe Day or V-E Day - celebrations erupted around the world to mark the end of World War II in Europe.

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• Battle of Midway- American victory that was a turning point in the pacific war that crippled the Japanese navy (led by Nimitz)

• Battle of Leyte Gulf- essentially knocked the Japanese out of the war (led by MacArthur)

/Dropped on Hiroshima, Japan and later in Nagasaki to supposedly save lives

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• After the war the US and Soviets were the two world superpowers but their different goals created tensions

• Led to state of hostility but without military action

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• TD: US policy of sending aid to any nation trying to prevent a Communist takeover

• MP: Program under which the US gave economic aid to rebuild postwar Western Europe

• c: taking measures to prevent the spread of communist rule to other countries

• ED: Policy of the US that it would defend the Middle East against attack by any communist country

/Truman doctrine and Marshall plan

/Arms race- leaders in Soviet Union and US feared the other one getting an advantage so they kept trying to be ahead of each other

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• Communists gained control of China by winning support of peasants

• US supported the nationalists (led by Chiang Kia-shek)

• They sent aid but not troops, so China ended up being communist (led by Mao Zedong)

• In Korea, US supported south because it was nationalist

• Troops and aid were sent under MacArthur

• Korea still divided at 38th parallel but south wasn’t communist

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• M: attacks of suspected communists in the early 1950s

• HUAC: (house un-American activities committee) committee of the US house of rep that investigated people thought to be communist

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• Flexible response- use of conventional weapons rather than nuclear in the event of a war

• Domino theory- one country falling into communist influence would quickly lead to other countries doing the same

• BW: barrier built to keep East Germans from fleeing to West Berlin to escape communism

• CMC: Russian ships were carrying missiles to Cuba but weren't allowed by the US, it almost led to a nuclear war but the ships turned around last minute

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• r: politics based on practical objectives rather than ideals

• d: process of managing relations with a potentially hostile country in order to preserve peace while maintaining vital interests

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• Strategic arms limitation treaty

• Negotiations between the US and Soviets to limit the manufacturing of missiles capable of carrying nuclear weapons

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• G: soviet policy of open discussion of political and social issues

• p: a series of Soviet political and economic reforms

• Administration of Mikhail Gorbachev who made the Soviet government more democratic, communist regimes began to collapse

suburbs, many women stayed home with kids, consumerism and lesuire, cars

soaring birthrate from 1946 to 1964

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• Because of the economy many moved to the suburbs to enjoy the leisure

• c: excessive concern with buying material goods (planned obsceneness)

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• Kennedy won the election because he did so well in the television debate and because of his support for civil rights

• They were considered this because people idolized them

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• New Frontier was Kennedy's domestic plan

• To help economic recession used deficit spending which created jobs and raised minimum wage

• To help poverty abroad he created the Peace Corps and the Alliance for Progress

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• Whole country mourned

• Was investigated by the Warren Commission and determined that Oswald acted alone in the murder

• War on Poverty and Great Society: programs

• WoP: 36th president, Lyndon B Johnsons' program

• Economic Opportunity Act, VISTA, Immigration Act of 1965

• Great Society: Johnson's domestic program, helped with healthcare, housing, education

• Education Act of 1965. Medicare (hospital insurance), Medicaid (extended health insurance)

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• The supreme court under Chief Justice Earl Warren

• Ruled segregation unconstitutional in Brown v. Board of Education

• Strengthened the rights of people accused of crimes

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• A movement that is in direct opposition to mainstream culture norms

• In opposition of war, commercialism, and social norms

• Completely countered older generations conservative values

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• Separation of blacks and whites

• De facto (by custom) and de jure (by law)

• Black Power: Movement that stressed black pride

• Black Panthers: African American group founded to combat police brutality

• Kerner Commission: Commission that reported on race relations in America

• Nation of Islam: Group headed by Elijah Muhammad

• Affirmative action: Program aimed at hiring or including minorities

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• Brown v. Board of Education

• Plessy v Ferguson

• The Civil Rights Case

/To end segregation in education, employment, transportation and unequal rights in work and voting

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• Thurgood Marshall, Rosa Parks, MLK, James Meredith, Frannie Lou Hamer, Stokley Carmichael, Malcolm X

• Black panthers, black power, SCLC, SNCC, freedom riders, freedom summer, Nation of Islam, sit-ins, boycotts

movement that stressed black pride Malcolm X, Stokely Carmichael, Elaine Brown, Angela Davis, Fred Hampton, Amiri Baraka, and Shirley Chisholm

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• American labor leader and civil rights activist

• Fought for the rights of farm workers through striking, boycotting, and fasting

/End to sexism, sexist exploitation, and oppression to achieve full gender equality In law and in practice. Divorce laws were liberalized, and employers were banned from firing pregnant women. Betty Friedan, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Alice Paul, and Susan B. Anothony.

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• Goals of American role in Vietnam

• Vietnamization-President Nixon’s plan for ending America’s involvement in the war

• Containment-the containment or elimination of the spread of Communism.

• The US strived to containment Communism, throughout the course of the Cold War with the Soviets, furthermore, the US backs South Korea, while the Soviets back North Korea.

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• K: democratic candidate in 1968

• J: 36th president of the united states

• W: commander of us troop sin vietnam

• MN: Secretary of defense under Johnson

• HCM: Communist leader of North Vietnam

/ system for calling people to military service, the draft reached extents of college students and any man over or at the age of 18. As hatred for the war grew in the US, draft cards were burned and torn apart in protest, and alliance with the doves Excuses were medical, moving away, and education. Men would get medical note exempting them from service, some would move to more lenient states, and others would allegedly pursue education, in avoidance of the draft. As more began to pursue the educational route, those who dropped out or flunked college, would have that excuse revoked and must accept the draft.

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• The Tet offensive was a series of Vietcong attacks during the 1968 Tet holiday.

• The My Lai Massacre was the site of massacre of Vietnamese civilians by American soldiers.

• The bombing of Cambodia was an airstrike of 214 tons of bombs dropped over Cambodia, as a fear tactic to North Korea, and stop Khmer Rouge’s Radical Communist regime.

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• People could see on the news how poorly we were doing

• We had no reason to be there, it was a civil war

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• Dove: against the war

• Hawks: for the war

• Kent State University: Site of protest where the National Guard killed four students

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• Nixon's conservativism: New Federalism, success and failures

• The New Federalism understanding was the plan to give federal power back to the states. This slashed the great society programming and wanted ;ess government nvolvement. The inefficency of the welfare system made welfare more consistent.

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• situation that occurs when unemployment and inflation rise at the same time

• Nixon foreign policy

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• The watergate scandal originated when Nixon was running for reelction. There was a break-in of the Committee to Re-Elct the President into the Democratic National Committee’s watergate headquaters, in which top secret documents were stolen. The wiretaps malfunctioned.

/Post the watergate scandal, President Ford pardons Nixon for the Watergate scandal. Nixon's resignation and 69 government officials being charged and 48 being found guilty.

/Representing the United States abroad has been a dangerous task since the founding of the Republic, but never has it been more true than during the Carter administration. Following the successful Islamic fundamentalist revolution against the pro-American Iranian Shah, the United States came under heavy criticism and the US embassy in Tehran became a visible target. On November 4, 1979, Iranian students occupied the embassy and took more than 50 Americans hostage, ranging from the acting ambassador to the youngest staff member. Iran held American diplomats hostage for 444 days. While the bravery of the American hostages in Tehran and their families who returned home reflected the best traditions of the State Department, the Iranian hostage crisis undermined President Carter's foreign policy. The crisis dominated headlines and newscasts, making the government look weak and incompetent. The patient diplomacy of Assistant Secretary of State Warren Christopher eventually resolved the crisis, but Mr. Carter's foreign policy team often seemed weak and faltering.

/The nature of American sprawl changed with coming of the inexpensive automobile. It was no longer limited to close proximity to major streets and tolley lines. Low density development expanded to previously inaccessable areas, often “leapfrogging” over undeveloped areas to more distant locations.

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• the auto, construction, and consumer goods industries faltered. In addition, agriculturally America suffered due to food shortages. This was because farmers weren’t able to support themselves and even lost their land. In the 1920s farmers dealt with overproduction, debt and depression. This led to a loss of land and little income. the stock market was doing well in 1928 with good stock purchases and 12->14% increase, but then in 1929, the stock market crashed and decreased from 15->10%. Stock market crash on October 29, 1929. The more people tried to sell their shares, the more the prices went down. About $30 billion was lost.

• Kellogg-Briand Pact-an agreement to outlaw war

• Americans often purchasedhigh-cost items such as fridges annd cars.

/Began with the 18th Amendment of banning the manufacture, transportation and sale of intoxicating liquors. It further went into effect with the passage of the Volstead Act, even with legislation, bootlegging was common.

/The Harlem Renaissance was the development of the Harlem neighborhood in New York City as a Black cultural mecca in the early 20th Century and the subsequent social and artistic explosion that resulted. Lasting roughly from the 1910s through the mid-1930s, the period is considered a golden age in African American culture, manifesting in literature, music, stage performance and art. While the Harlem Renaissance may be best known for its literary and performing arts—pioneering figures such as Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Duke Ellington, and Ma Rainey may be familiar—sculptors, painters, and printmakers were key contributors to the first modern Afrocentric cultural movement and formed a black avant-garde in the visual arts.

/Stock market crash on October 29, 1929. The more people tried to sell their shares, the more the prices went down. About $30 billion was lost. Period of bad economic time. It lasted from 1929 through the 1930s. The crash did not cause the Depression but it did worsen it. Unable to buy goods, European economies suffered even more on top of unpaid war depts. Businesses closed and many people lost their jobs. People who did work were paid much less. Since many people were forced to remove their money from banks, many of them had to close. Resulting in other people losing their money.

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• Area of the Great Plains made worthless for farming by drought and dust storms in the 1930’s. The hardest-hit region was Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and Colerado. Many Oklahoma farmers migrated and these workers were then called the Okies. City: unemployment, racism (lynching african americans), heavy prejudice towards Latinos (deportation), homelessness

• Rural: the price of food plummeted so farmers were unable to pay mortgage, forcing 400k to loose their land, drought, dust bowl.

unemployed ww1 veterans who marched to washington to demand their war bonuses

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• FDR's New Deal involved social programs to aid the unemployed, elderly, farmers and businesses. The result was a massive shift from a federal government unwilling to directly address the needs of the people to one that created jobs, paid unemployment benefits and provided social security after retirement.

+ Major federal programs and agencies included the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), the Works Progress Administration (WPA), the Civil Works Administration (CWA), the Farm Security Administration (FSA), the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 (NIRA) and the Social Security Administration (SSA).

• The Second New Deal addressed the problems of the elderly, the poor, and the unemployed; created new public-works projects; helped farmers; and enacted measures to protect workers' rights. It was during this period that the first serious challenges to the New Deal emerged.

+ The most important programs included Social Security, the National Labor Relations Act ("Wagner Act"), the Banking Act of 1935, rural electrification, and breaking up utility holding companies. The Undistributed profits tax was only short-lived.

/the risky nineteenth-century investment practice or strategy of buying cheaply large quantities of land, guessing when the prices of the land would rise enough to make a profit, and then selling that land.

/Paying a small down payment and borrowing the rest, promising to pay it back later. Problem was that there was no way to pay off loan if stock price declined.

short-term loans to buy goods with promises to pay later

nixon’s effort to atract southern votes by opposing desegregation

plan for te federal government to share money with state and local governments

policy aimed at easing Cold War tensions

those mainstream americans who supported nixon’s policies

situation in which the us public no longer believed the johnson administration

/revealed that the Harry S. Truman administration gave military aid to France in its colonial war against the communist-led Viet Minh, thus directly involving the United States in Vietnam; that in 1954 Pres. Dwight D.

prominent group of the new left

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• Dove: called for america to withdraw from Vietnam

• Hawk: supported the war effort

leader of the civil rights movement

theory that one country falling to communist influence would quickly lead to other countries in the same area falling too

resolution that allowed president johnson to fight in vietnam

/North Vietnamese and communist Viet Cong forces launched a coordinated attack against a number of targets in South Vietnam. The U.S. and South Vietnamese militaries sustained heavy losses before finally repelling the communist assault.

act that forbids the president from mobilizing troops without congressional approval

/Three years after the ratification of the 19th amendment, the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was initially proposed in Congress in 1923 in an effort to secure full equality for women. It seeks to end the legal distinctions between men and women in terms of divorce, property, employment, and other matters.

/led the first successful farm workers union in American history, achieving dignity, respect, fair wages, medical coverage, pension benefits, and humane living conditions, as well as countless other rights and protections for hundreds of thousands of farm workers.

name of project to win voting rights for southern blacks

civil rights activists who tried to end segregation on national buses

1964: outlawed racial discrimination

1966: grants citizenship

1871: use military force aganist racist groups

african american lawyer who led the legal challenge aganist segregation

/The NAACP or National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was established in 1909 and is America's oldest and largest civil rights organization. It was formed in New York City by white and Black activists, partially in response to the ongoing violence against Black Americans around the country.

the name given to kennedy’s domestic program

health benefits for the eldery and poor

35 president of the us

the US policy of withdrawing its troops and transferring the responsibility and direction of the war effort to the government of South Vietnam.

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The Great Society program became Johnson's agenda for Congress in January 1965: aid to education, attack on disease, Medicare, urban renewal, beautification, conservation, development of depressed regions, a wide-scale fight against poverty, control and prevention of crime and delinquency, removal of obstacles

us policy of sending aid to any nation trying to prevent a communist takeover

/foreign policy practice in which one or both parties force the interaction between them to the threshold of confrontation in order to gain an advantageous negotiation position over the other. The technique is characterized by aggressive risk-taking policy choices that court potential disaster