APUSH Unit 7

MAIN

Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

Ultimatum from Austria

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

Militaries are expanding→ creates greater tension between countries

Chain alliances: interlocks all the countries; can cause a chain reaction

Nations want to expand and take over other nations→ easy war cause

Every nation thinks they are the strongest→ want to prove it

U.S should be neutral; they should try to mediate

Public favors allies, but neutrality is paramount

-Share culture with places like Britain; democracy

-Germany vilified by media

Most ppl are clueless; the war is over 3k miles a way so they don’t give a shit

U.S runs up business profit from war

-European countries get war materials

J.P Morgan invests 2.3 million

-They traded w all at first, then British blockade blocked them from trading with Germany

British naval blockade; disrupts U.S. trade w/ Germany

-Germany responds with UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE

-Americans killed by German torpedos

Agreement: Germany had to announce when they were going to take down a ship

-When U.S stopped giving materials, Germany restarted it

1915

British liner Lusitania is sunk by a German U-boat

Germany temporarily calls off USF until 1917; U.S. on the path to war

Liner(Cruise Ship)

Sunk by German U boat

-1,000+ deaths, 128 were Americans → U.S. outraged!

Thought that bc U.S didn’t give them weapons, they sided with the allies

The Lusitania was carrying war supplies → fair target?

-Shot before they got shot

Message from Germany to Mexico

Lays out plan for Mexico if the U.S and Germany go to war

-Germany restarts unrestricted submarine warfare

-Persuade Japan into switching sides

-Get Mexico to support U.S invasion

The resuming of unrestricted submarine warfare

U.S. Propaganda

Controlled Economy

Anti- German propaganda

Organize the economy by strengthening gov. Influence over business

-War Industries Board

controls prices and industry

4 focuses → bonds, enlistment, conservation, and morale

-Committee on Public Information

Made posters, music, advertisements, etc.

-4 minute men: Spoke about the war during intermissions of movies

Invest in the fight and get back money+ interest after war

-Everyone volunteers→ peer pressure

--If you didn’t give, you are seen as not nationalistic

Get people to volunteer to enter the war

-Volunteers fight with more passion

Total War

Everyone wants to conserve

-Ration to save money→ more money into the war

-Food Administration & Fuel Administration

Doesn’t force

-Encourages ppl to ration food

-Herbert Hoover→ leader of the effort; leads for free

--Leads for no salary→ hopes that it will give him moral authority

--Rations himself; leads by example

Says coal use is only for the military

Keep the public happy during the war

Not official; not by government

-Only local

-Don’t play German music, teach German language, etc.

-Sauerkraut renamed ‘liberty cabbage’

-GERMAN AMERICANS OPPRESSED

--Beatings, intimidation, 1 lynching

American Federation of Labor vs International Workers of the World

WWI→ production is more important than ever: Is this good or bad for unions?

-National War Labor Board

More conservative in nature, pledges loyalty and commitment to Wilson

Presses for major reform

-Harassed by government

Unions gained temporary concessions

1917

“Work or Fight”

Not enough people volunteered→ only 70k

“Go to work, go to war, or go to jail”

Women wanted to work to obtain independence

censored criticism of the gov.

Schenck v. United States

Supreme Court Case

-free speech except when “clear and present danger” to nation

Can’t yell “fire” in a movie theater→ it could cause harm

American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

-Limited but 1st genuinely national military

Draft effective

Women → non-combat roles

African Americans → support roles

-Not usually good jobs→ cleaning toilets, etc.

highly idealistic

14 Points → “No more wars”

“Peace without victory”

• No more secret treaties

• Freedom of the seas

• Reduction of nations armies

• A “general association of nations” to help solve world disputes and promote peace

Sizable effect

Association of nations idea→ creates League of Nations

Wilson wants peace; the other powers want revenge

Wilson: let them keep their land

Others: Hell nah take the land and hella money

International peace organization

Linked the world together → collective security

-Ppl are too scared to attack each other again and start another war

AMERICAN ISOLATIONISM HASN’T VANISHED

Hasn’t gone away

Public and politicians are wary of joining “entangling alliances”

• Wilson vs Henry Cabot Lodge, Hiram Johnson, and William Borah

-“Reservationists” & “irreconcilables”

-Wilson vs Henry Cabot Lodge, Hiram Johnson, and William Borah

-Election of 1920 → treaty referendum

People that want League of Nations but want to make adjustments to the terms

-Henry Cabot Lodge

Don’t want a League of Nations

Thinks that unifying is the only way to keep peace

Treaty referendum

Harding vs Cox

Harding: 20 years of isolationism

Cox: “Return to normalcy”

U.S becomes isolationist

Harding dies early→ Calvin Coolidge is president

• Democracy over oligarchy

• Small time farms over plantations

• Racial harmony over hierarchy-NOT EQUALITY

• Modeled after Northern Industrialization

  • Laissez faire

1. Industry wealth not shared

2. Still Stuck with Cotton

3. Racism Renewed

• Northern investors, rich Southerners dominate

  • Textile industries, etc.

• Carpetbaggers and Redeemers

The price drops greatly

Lack of education/ industrial growth

Poor white people and African Americans weren’t getting an education

-Southern gov doesn’t give a shit

-No education→ no technical skill needed for industrial development

• Sharecropping

• Convict Leasing

• Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896)

1896

He intentionally violates Lousiana’s Separate Car Act of 1890

rides on white RR car→ gets arrested

Decision is upheld 7-1 in Supreme Court

LEGAL DISCRIMINATION

Northerners who come to invest in the South; are seen as vultures coming to steal Southern money

The people that take over post reconstruction Southern gov --Very Racist; want to re-instill white supremacy

Largely a fail; old habits come back

Land owner allows tenant to work the land for a portion of the profit. Usually for poor people

-Most poor people were black→ Racism

You can lease out criminals to do manual labor

-The laws became more and more racist→ more Black people went to jail

-You can rent out black people to do labor the shit is basically slavery

Everyone was hella racist

There were public gatherings for the lynching/hanging of a black person

Louisiana: Went from 130,334 registered black voters in 1896 to 1,342 registered black voters in 1904

Two waves: 1910 to 1940 and 1940 to 1970

1910-1940

Most move North

Stopped by Great Depression and WWII

1940-1970

After WWII

Most move West

African Americans→ forced labor in the South; not enough opportunity to make money

Environmental factors: Bugs were fucking the crops, leaving less work

They were better, but not perfect

Plessy vs Ferguson was NATIONAL, not state level

There was racial discrimination and CLASS discrimination

Most Popular Spots: LA, New York, Detroit, Chicago

• Booker T. Washington

• W.E.B. du Bois

Wants black people to focus on economic independence→ Black people would then prove themselves as worthy and would then assimilate to white culture

-More conservative/ pragmatic in his goals

Focus on civil rights

More agressive/uncompromising in his goals

Argues that in order to get economic independence, they need power and rights

• Visible and urbanized

  • Short Film “A Birth of a nation”: romanticizes it→ makes ppl want to join

• 4 million strong by mid 1920s

• Uniforms→ similar to the navy

1919

Racist Summer

Backlash against Black ppl for Great Migration

Time period of numerous race riots

Many Black communities completely destroyed (Tulsa, OK; Chicago, IL)

Normal ass white people start the riots

Marched on the Capital

-Women were also involved

-They didn’t cover their faces→ no fear

Birth of the American Consumer

Sports

Movies/Animation

Radio

Basketball, Baseball, Boxing

Baseball and Boxing→ serious money involved now

-Babe Ruth: household name

People have the money to have fun

Rise of Hollywood

-1927 “The Jazz Singer”- first film w synchronized sound→ can hear the actors

-Steamboat Willy- Intro to Mickey Mouse→ first talking animation

Center of the household

Means of broadcasting news

-Increases nationalism

Automobiles

-Fordism

Planes

-Early deaths/ accidents overcame

Standardization of assembly line→speeds up the process

Fordism→ Ford= strongest maker of cars

-Model T- cheap and effective

Auto Industry booms

Paid the workers very well

-Hopes that the worker would then buy a Ford with the extra money

New Model T’s are hella cheap→ 3000 dollars modern day for a new car

Passenger flights in 1920

-Became popular after WWI

Early deaths/accidents soon overcome

-Charles Lindberg transatlantic flight in 1927 helps public overcome fear

Allowed people to work farther from their homes

-Increased employment opportunities

-Suburbs increase

-Freed young people from families, women from men

HELPS oil industry, HURTS railroads

Modern

-Need to advertise new things to get ppl to buy them

-Run on credit→ “Possess today and pay tomorrow”

Emancipation of women

Modern dresses→ showed more skin

‘Boyish’ bob haircuts

Drank, smoked, and spoke freely about sex

Many lacked access to this lifestyle

-It only occurred in the big big cities (Chicago, NY)

Social pressure to conform

-Old ppl try to make the new generation conform to old views

“Women’s Work”- Expected to give back jobs→ don’t want to

19th Amendment→ women can vote

-Major win for women in politics→ have tangible political power

Birth-control movement

-Margaret Sanger leads the charge

--Founded Planned Parenthood

Becomes one of a few key ways women begin to liberate themselves

-Allowed women to be more independent: weren’t limited to having kids

-Divorce becomes viable→ happens much more often

Harlem Renaissance

-One of the largest Black communities in the world

Revival of Black art, literature, and music

-Creation of Jazz music

The “New Negro” Movement

Black pride and advocacy

WEB DuBois's ideology beats Booker T. Washingtons’s

-Focuses on positive aspect of black people

Marcus Garvey

-Black Pride

-Back to Africa movement

-Economic self sufficiency

The United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

Civil rights with unyielding self-respect

Leader of Back to Africa movement

-Thinks that segregation isn’t bad

-Argues with U.S gov often abt it

Promotes Economic self sufficiency

Has a meeting with KKK members abt segregation

Impact: Black ppl had more self respect because of him

Black people are too good→ should move back

Led by Marcus Garvey

-He buys the ships and asks ppl to go back to Africa

U.S gov highly disapproves of it

-Could leave bad image of the U.S

the U.S doesn’t trust other countries→ turned inward

Anti-foreignism

1931 → more foreigners left then arrived

First Red Scare

U.S doesn’t want immigrants→ scared of communism

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

Immigration Act of 1924

3% rule

Only 3% of the total population of a certain race would be the amount of people from that race that would be able to immigrate

Continues the trend of anti Asian

-Basically bans Asian immigration

Russian Revolution just happened→ ppl are scared of communism

-Palmer Raid

-American Plan

Led by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer

-Raids union workers that are suspected of communism

--Holds them without charging a crime

Deems Unions anti-American

-If you’re in a labor union, you’re against the U.S