Biology 20: Digestive System

Site of ingestion, Food is chewed here. Enzymes begin to break it up

Intake of food

The process by which the body breaks down food into small nutrient molecules-proteins, carbs, nucleic acids, lipids

The process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of the digestive system into the blood stream

the stomach (both), mouth(both), small intestine (chemical digestion)

moving the nutrients from the bloodstream and storing + using them in tissue

The removal of nonsoluble waste materials.

moisten food and forms bolus, starts chemical digestion, inhibits bacteria

seal off the windpipe during eating, so that food cannot enter lungs

to carry food, liquids, and saliva from the mouth to the stomach

water, mucus, pepsinogen, hydrochloric acid, gastrin

Digestive hormone that stimulates sustained secretion of gastric juice from the stomach

A hormone secreted by the small intestine (duodenum) in response to low pH (e.g., from stomach acid). It promotes the release of bicarbonate from the pancreas to act as a buffer.

a hormone secreted by the small intestine that decreases gastric secretions and motility, slows peristalsis can help with indigestion and helps digest fats

An intestinal hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile

protein

Process by which enzymes break down food into small molecules that the body can use

Physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces

Regulates stomach and gallbladder emptying in response to acidic chyme.

produces enzymes that digest fats, proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acid

proteases, lipases, nucleases, pancreatic amylases, peptisades

something is made but it stays within that creation space- glands that produce hormones (insulin and glucagon)

makes something but it is released to somewhere else- glands that produce enzymes (enzymes in pancreatic juice)

detox blood, lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism,creates and secrete bile, turn glucose into glycogen

insulin

stores triglycerides and produces cholesterol

breaking fats into small emulsion drops using bile salts

changes glucose to glycogen, breaks glycogen down into glucose—glucose released into bloodstream via insulin

stores bile

caecum, appendix, colon, rectum

A substance produced by the liver that breaks up fat particles.

compounds in bile that aid in emulsification

Enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach

Enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical bonds in starches

pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats

DNA cutting enzyme

Fingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the surface area for absorption

microvilli, epitheleum, blood capillaries

opening from the esophagus to the stomach

peristalsis

Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system.

duodenum, pancreas, gall bladder

blood vessels- simple sugars, amino acids, vitamins, minerals

lacteals- lymph fluid

contains lymph: helps absorb fat and fat soluble substances

cellulose, dead cells, bacteria, undigested food

build up, waste, nerve impulses

water, salts, and vitamins

When food passes the cardiac sphincter, gastrin (a hormone) is released from the stomach wall and it travels via bloodstream to the gastric glands causing secretions.

sight, smell, or taste triggers a reflex which causes hormones to start secretions from gastric glands in the stomach.