AP Human Geography Unit 2 Review

the patterns of habitation across earth’s surface

5

the permanently inhabited portion of the earth

1. Asia

2. South Asia

3. SE Asia

4. Europe

1. Physical

2. Human

• Climate

• Landforms

• Water

• Cultural

• Economic

• History - Where places used to be distributed has a major role in where they are now

• Politics

how many people occupy a given unit of land

1. Arithmetic

2. Physiological

3. Agricultural

Total Population/Total Land Area

it assumes all the land in an area is equally inhabitable, but this isn’t accurate

Total population/Total Arable Land

land that can be used for agriculture

how well a population can feed itself

• the higher the physiological density, the more pressure is put on farmland to produce enough food

• the lower the physiological density, the more likely farmland can sustain its population

• the higher the physiological density, the more pressure is put on farmland to produce enough food

• the lower the physiological density, the more likely farm land is able to sustain its population

Total Farmers/Total Arable Land

How labor intensive agriculture is in a given place

• lower - fewer farmers, more mechanization on farms

• higher - more farmers, more subsistence farmers

form of farming in which nearly all of the crops or livestock raised are used to maintain the farmer and the farmer's family, leaving little, if any, surplus for sale or trade.

If there is a democratic system of government in place, then the population distribution can influence how many representatives an area gets to have in their government, giving them more influence over policy decisions.

Funding for infrastructure and public services is also determined by population, meaning a higher population will lead to larger funding.

The distribution of cultural populations can influence the development of political identities and movements, which can lead to conflicts regarding representation in government or resources.

The ratio between those not in the labor force (dependents) who rely on those who are actively employed (productive part).

an increase in the proportion of a country's population that is aged, typically considered as being 65 years or older.

the segment of a country's population that is composed of individuals who are typically under the age of 15

refers to the maximum number of individuals that an environment can sustainably support without causing environmental degradation.

the crude birth rate (CBR) minus the crude death rate (CDR)

when a species' population exceeds the carrying capacity of its ecological niche. It essentially means there are too many individuals for the available resources.

encourages people to have more children. Governments may use these policies to increase birth rates and population size.

discourage people from having children.

The best, and most well-known example of this is China's One-Child policy.

the average number of children a woman would have if she were to live to the end of her childbearing years and bear children according to current age-specific fertility rates.

Areas with a high concentration of people and industry may experience higher levels of air and water pollution.

Human activities such as transportation and energy consumption contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, meaning areas with a higher population may have a greater impact on climate change.

The destruction or alteration of natural habitats, such as forests and wetlands can be affected. Areas with a high population may have more development and land use, leading to habitat destruction.

The biodiversity of plants and animals is affected, for example, areas with a high population density may have fewer natural habitats and less biodiversity.

the variety of life on Earth, including the number of species, their genetic variation, and the complexity of their ecosystems.

Individual and Community quality of life can be influenced, for example, areas with a higher population density may have more amenities and opportunities, but may also experience overcrowding and other negative impacts on quality of life.

Areas with a high concentration of a particular ethnic or cultural group may have a distinct culture, while areas with a more diverse population may have a more varied cultural makeup

The availability of employment opportunities can largely be affected. For example, a higher population would lead to a larger labor force and a more diverse job market.

The ability to move up or down the social ladder is affected. Areas with a higher population tend to have a more diverse job market, which may offer more opportunities for social mobility

Economic development is affected by population distribution. Economic growth can be led by a higher population that attracts businesses and investment.

the structure of a population in terms of age, sex, and other properties such as marital status and education

• the number of males per one hundred females in the population

  • # Men : 100 Women

• Men tend to have jobs with higher mortality rates (construction, police, military)

• Men are also at higher risk of heart disease

• Men also die in accidents more often.

In the developing world, there are more men because male babies are preferred. In India, it is illegal to find out the sex of the baby in utero, because of so many abortions of female fetuses. In China, there are now millions more men than women in their childbearing years, because during the one-child policy male babies were strongly preferred.

a graphical representation that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population, which forms the shape of a pyramid when the population is growing.

1. Dependency ratio: number of people who are not of working age (too young or too old) relative to the number of people who are of working age

2. Fertility rate: Showing the proportion of the population that is in the child-bearing ages

3. Mortality rates: Compares the sizes of the different age groups over time

4. Gender Balance: Ration of males to females in a population

5. Population Projections: Make projections about the future size and age structure of a population

6. Population growth: Compare the size of different age groups

• Wide at the bottom

• Narrow at the top

• Associated with developing countries

  • high birth rate

  • shorter life span

• Slightly wider at the bottom

• Associated with developing countries

  • high birth rate

  • shorter life span

growth rate is zero

• birth rate declining

• longer life spans

A higher percentage of educated women →higher percentage of women in the workforce →Women are more likely to focus on their careers > families; they have easier access to family planning; and reproductive health services (like contraceptives)→lower TFR

a process where migrants from a particular town follow others from that town to a particular destination. The decision to migrate is influenced by family or friends who have already migrated.

the total number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year

the total number of deaths per year per 1,000 people

the amount of time it takes for a population to double its size/value at a constant annual growth rate

a geographic area with high ethnic concentration, characteristic cultural identity, and economic activity

extreme scarcity of food in a region leading to widespread malnutrition and death due to starvation and disease

the number of deaths under one year of age occurring among live births in a specified geographic area during a specified year, per 1,000 live births occurring among the population of the same geographic area during the same year.

involves people moving from one country to another, often in search of better living conditions, safety, or opportunities

involves people moving within the same country, usually for reasons such as work opportunities or changes in personal circumstances

the movement of people from one region of a country to another.

the movement of people within one region of a country.

the percentage growth or decline in a population excluding immigration and emigration; it's essentially birth rates minus death rates

the difference between the number of immigrants (people coming into an area) and the number of emigrants (people leaving an area). If more people are immigrating than emigrating, it results in net-in migration.

when more people emigrate from an area than immigrate into it. In other words, if more people are leaving than arriving, it results in net-out migration.

people may migrate is because of their religion, beliefs, sexual orientation, or oppression of their ethnicity or race. This may be for forced or voluntary reasons.

Economics

job opportunities

changing birth rates and death rates can be explained by a country’s level of development

The DTM is a key tool for understanding global and regional population dynamic

• Birth Rate: High

• Death Rate: High

• NIR: Zero

  For most of human history, the entire world was in stage one. For example, 30,000 years ago, the life expectancy of humans was around 30 years. Remember that it took the world about 100,000 years to reach one billion people! 

• Birth Rate: High

• Death Rate: Falls Rapidly

• NIR: Rapid Increase

A key feature of stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model is the emergence of grandparents. Longer life expectancies allow for 3 generations to share a part of their life spans. Grandparents are part of every stage of the DTM but will be rare in societies with shorter life expectancies.

Identify stage 2 of the DTM on a population pyramid. A number of countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (Niger, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Somalia) are currently in stage two.

• Birth Rate: Falling

• Death Rate: Falls Slower

• NIR: Rapid Increase Slows Down

More adults often mean more workers. Stage three countries start to become more industrialized, which means they are more urbanized and the total fertility rate goes down. Countries that are currently in stage three are Mexico, India, Colombia, and South Africa.

• Birth Rate: Low

• Death Rate: Low

• NIR: Falling and then stable

For example, in the United States, the NIR would be zero if you took away the net-in migration that it has every year. Other countries currently in stage four are China, Brazil, and Argentina.

The population pyramids of these countries are even throughout the age groups and somewhat resemble a skyscraper.

Most developed states are here.

• Birth Rate: Falling

• Death Rate: Low

• NIR: Slow Decline

Countries currently in stage five are Japan and a number in Eastern Europe (Germany, Estonia, Ukraine). Fewer young adults are having children. Some stage 5 governments promote pro-natalist policies to try and stunt the population decrease by incentivizing having children.

The population pyramids in these countries are wider at the top and start to look like upside-down pyramids.

explains demographic transition not with levels of industrialization and development, but through the lens of disease and death rate

• Death Rate: High

• Life Expectancy: Low

Most people die because of pandemics, like infectious and parasitic diseases (the Black Plague and Malaria).

They will also die because of environmental factors like drought, earthquakes, floods, and also things like starvation and malnutrition. More infants die overall.

• Death Rate: Decrease

• Life Expectancy: Increased

People begin to live longer because of changes in conditions. Changes that can move a society from stage 1 to stage 2 are improved nutrition, breakthroughs in medicine, an end to warfare, and/or improved sanitation. In this stage, not as many people die of infectious diseases because of epidemiology, which is the branch of science that studies diseases, causes, and cures.

Because of better infrastructure (hospitals, sewers, better plumbing), fewer people die of parasitic diseases.

• Death Rate: Low

• Life Expectancy: Increased

People are living much longer. However, chronic diseases associated with age become a challenge. Things like cancer and heart disease are the leading causes of death. 

• Life Expectancy: Highest

People are still living longer, but because of better healthcare, treatments, and medical technology people are able to survive cancer and heart disease. 

• Life Expectancy: Decreases

A disease evolution - Infectious diseases have evolved and established resistance to drugs and other treatments.

• only considers birth and death rates

  • doesn’t account for migration

• applies mainly to Western countries

• It’s an oversimplification of demographic change ONLY based on death rates and disease

• It does not account for poverty—most significant causes of shortened life spans

• EXPLOSION IN POPULATION

  • Stage 2 of DTM

    • Birth Rate was slowly increasing

    • Death Rate falling

      • New medicines

        • Vaccines

a British economist and demographer. That is someone who studies the characteristics of a population. He lived during the Industrial Revolution, while the population in Britain continued to rise.

he theorized that the population was growing geometrically, while food production only grew arithmetically (see below). This would cause famine, pestilence, and revolution if unchecked.

• STOP PEOPLE FROM HAVING BABIES

  • Delayed marriage

  • have fewer children

  • stop governments from helping the poor

1. food production rose steadily with the help of the Industrial Revolution. 

2. the population did not continue to rise at the same rate. Britain was in stage two of the DTM and Malthus could not foresee future stages.

3. he couldn't predict advancement in technology and the development of agriculture

Primarily living in the mid-20th century, Neo-Malthusians are individuals or groups who apply the principles of Thomas Malthus, an 18th-century British economist, to modern issues. They believe that population growth will outpace agricultural production and lead to global crises such as famine and disease.

• famous Neo-Malthusian

• an American biologist known for his warnings about overpopulation and limited resources on Earth. He wrote "The Population Bomb," which predicted disaster for humanity due to overpopulation and resource scarcity

Cornucopian Theory

a Danish economist, believed with more people, we will have more problem solvers and better innovation.

• gov offers couples incentives to have fewer children

• Ex:

  • Egypt’s “Two is enough campaign”

    • Financially support impoverished women

    • Increased Access to Healthcare

• the gov actively punishes people for having too many children

• Ex:

  • India’s forced sterilization

  • China’s One CHild Policy

• Intended to increase the number of children born, increasing fertility rates

• Ex:

  • media campaigns

    • 'Do It for Denmark' was an unconventional campaign launched by a Danish travel agency aimed at encouraging Danes to go on vacation with their partners with the hope they would conceive children abroad due to declining birth rates in the country.

  • Generous maternity and paternity leaves

  • tax breaks for couples with more children

  • National Days

    • Singapore has a ‘National Night’, where one day out of the month couples are encouraged to engage in an activity that could result in a child nine months later.

    • Russia has a ‘Day of Conception’ on September 12, and couples who then have a child on June 12 are rewarded by the regional government.

a foreign worker who has been temporarily aloud to work in a host country

Educated women tend to view cultural norms about how many babies they should have more skeptically

Tools can include contraception which prevent pregnancy

Many women delay marriage and child-bearing to focus on their careers.

Maternal mortality rates refer to the number of deaths of women during pregnancy, childbirth, or within 42 days after termination of pregnancy per 100,000 live births.

down

the proportion of elderly people are increasing