ap psychology ch6 learning

the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

an organism’s decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

• reduced sensitivity, lose it to a repeated stimulus

learning that certain events occur together

any event or situation that evokes a response

the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

the view that psych 1. should be an objective science that 2. studies behavior without references to mental processes

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically- triggers a response

in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response

• learning stage where transition occurs

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned stimulus

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

the tendency , once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elict similar responses

• same response to similar objects

in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

• recognizing differences in learning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

thorndike’s principal that behavior followed by favorable consequences become more likley and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likley

in operant conditioning research, a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animals rate of bar pressing or key pecking

in operant condtioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

• can be primary or secondary

  • P- naturally reinforcing ( good)

  • S- something you learn is good

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

in operant condtioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement

increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response

• add something

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response

• take away sometihing

an innatley reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

in operant condtioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

in operant condtioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

in operant condtioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

• after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned the map

• created by tolman

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

a sudden realization of a problems solution

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

• doing something because you like it and want to do it

a desire to perform a behavior to reverie promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

• doing it bc it is expected of you

alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods

attempting to alleviate stress directly, by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated averise events

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

the perception that you control your own fate

the ability to control impulses ad delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards

learning by observing others

• social learning

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so

• brain’s mirroring of another actions which initiates imitation

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The oppoiste of antisocial behavior

conditioned the dog to salivate

trained animals in obstacle courses

conditioned the baby to cry when it saw furry white objects

imitation experiment with children and the bobo doll

“law of effect”

• positive consequences are more likely and negative consequences are less likely

taste aversion

created the concept of cognitive map after testing rats in a maze

• having a mental layout of your enviorment