Portugal
Went to Africa, India, and South and Southeast Asia
Impacted Persian Gulf trading post empire
Expanded trade between India and Europe
Spain
Went to the Philippines and the Americas
Led exploration and colonization of Americas
Linked Asia and Americas
France
Went to North America
Found fur
Technological Innovations
Magnetic Compass (China)
Astrolabe (Muslims)
Caravel (Portugal)
Cartography
New Rudders (China)
Lateen Sail (Arabic)
Columbian Exchange
Old World received: syphilis, turkey, llamas, alpacas, guinea pigs, potatoes, maize, tobacco, cacao, and peanuts
New World received: smallpox, measles, plague, influenza, horses, oxen, pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, rats, chickens, sugar, wheat, barley, okra, rice, oranges, grapes, lettuce, and coffee
Effects of the Columbian Exchange
The Old World
Spains economy inflated from gold causing their decline
Crops increased nutrition and therefore birth rates
Cash crops made lots of money
The New World
50+% of indigenous population died
Overgrazing and soil erosion
Forced labor
African Culture
Holland
Went to North America
Created New Amsterdam
Traded with Canada and Virginia
England
Went to North America
Became the most powerful navy
China
Went to India, Middle East, and Africa to spread Chinese culture
Zheng He
Decided to stop exploring
Ming Dynasty restricts trade
Great Wall reconstructed
Confucianism reemphasized
India
Britain, Portugal, and France fight over India until Britain kicked France out (7 years war)
Britain sets up trading posts on Coast
Britain used religious rivalries between Muslims and Hindus to increase control
Americas
Spanish arrive and kill everyone
New Spain established, Mexico City built
Spain conquers Americas east of Brazil and Portugal
Treaty of Tordesillas
British and French movie into North America
Encomienda System
Indigenous die, African slavery increases
Casta System
Africa
Portugal sets up trading posts, Britain follows in West Africa
Guns/cannons exchanged for slaves
Dahomey: Strong kingdom
Assante Empire and Kongo grow
Slaves sent to America through Middle Passage
African Diaspora
Japan
Restricts its trade with outside world
Bans and prosecutes Christian services
Kicks out foreigners
Trade mostly with Dutch and China
Indian Ocean Trade
Portugal takes control of trade
Little disruption