Period 2 Part 2 Vocab AP Euro

War of Austrian Succession

war over the control of Austria due to the fact that Charles VI left Maria Theresa as heir to the throne

Catherine the Great

empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to westernize Russia; created a new law code, greatly expanded Russia, and continued the economic development under Peter the Great

Seven Years' War

worldwide struggle between France and Great Britain for power and control of land

federalist system

a system of government where power is divided between a central government and several other distinct, semi-autonomous regions

Dutch Patriots

rebels (many of which came from the middle class) in the Netherlands that rose up in 1787 to oppose the House of Orange's seemingly "single family rule" while advocating for political reforms

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

a document, issued by the National Assembly in July 1790, that broke ties with the Catholic Church and established a national church system in France with a process for the election of regional bishops

Jacobins

a political party that advocated for a republic instead of a monarchy in France; led by Maximilien de Robespierre

sans-culottes

France's unskilled laborers who worked in cities doing unskilled manual labor and were most affected by famine or inflation (could not afford to buy noblemen's kneebreeches)

Waterloo

The site of Napoleon's defeat by British and Prussian armies in 1815, which ended his last bid for power

the Three Estates

the three classes of French society

1st: clergy

2nd: nobles

3rd: common people

Principia Mathematica

In 1687, Sir Isaac Newton wrote this. It was filled with contributions to many areas of science, and included the three well-known laws of motion.

Bernard de Fontenelle

(1657-1706), sought to make science witty and entertaining to a broad non-scientific audience, helped bring science into conflict with religion, skeptical about absolute truth and the claims of organized religion

Letters on the English

written by Voltaire ( 1733), it was his book based on his experiences in Britain; it praised virtues of the English and indirectly criticized the French society's abuses

David Hume

Scottish philosopher whose skeptical philosophy restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses

deism

a popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets

Vindication of the Rights of Women

written by Mary Wollstonecraft, she demanded equal rights for women and advocated rigorous coeducation that would make women better wives and mothers, good citizens, and economically independent

original sin

1: the sin of the first human beings, who disobeyed God's command by choosing to follow their own will and thus lost their original holiness and became subject to death

2: the fallen state of human nature that affects every person born into the world.

atheists

people who believe that there is no God

Thomas Hobbes

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings

Leviathan

written by Thomas Hobbes, who maintained that sovereignty is ultimately derived from the people, who transfer it to the monarchy by implicit contract

Daniel Defoe

wrote Robinson Crusoe (known as the father of the English novel) and advocated for stern discipline for children

romanticism

emphasized subjective emotion and creativity over logic and reason

George Fox

Founder of the Quakers

pogroms

organized assaults on Jews

masonic lodges

places where secret organizations, like the fraternal brotherhood of Freemasonry, gathered