Washington Naval Conference 1921
The United States and its allies signed a disarmament treaty while also promising not to build any warships for the decade
Kellogg-Briand Pact
Signed by 62 countries, stated that war would not be used “as an instrument of national policy.” but had no power
Gerald Nye
North Dakota senator chaired the Nye committee which investigated banks and arm dealers that dragged the United States into WWI
Henry Stimson
Secretary of State that notified the governments of both Japan and China that the United States would not recognize the conflict
Hoover-Stimson Note
Considered Manchuria part of China and insisted that Americans kept all their trade rights in China
Good Neighbor Policy
Continued the nonintervention policy in Latin America begun by Presidents Hoover and Coolidge
Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act
Lowered trade barriers by giving the president power to make trade agreements with other nations, aiming to reduce tariffs by 50%
Johnson Debt Default Act
Prohibited any foreign aid loans to countries that had not paid back their World War I debts
Neutrality Acts
Act that kept the country out of war by outlawing arm sales, loans to nations, and prohibited engaging in civil wars
“cash-and-carry” provision
Allowed warring nations to buy U.S. arms as long as they paid cash and transported them in their own ship
Sent Britain 500,000 rifles and 80,000 machine guns
50 old destroyers for leases
Tripartite Pact
A mutual defense treaty between Germany, Italy, and japan intended to keep the United States out of the war
Selective Training and Service Act
United States’ first peacetime military draft that drafted 16 million men between the ages of 21 and 35
Wendell Willkie
Roosevelt’s Republican opponent that supported policies of supporting Britain, disappointing isolationists, lost with 45% votes to Roosevelt’s third term
Johnson Debt Default Act
Prevented Roosevelt from lending money to Britain directly when they ran out by late 1940
Lend-Lease Act (March 1941)
Allowed the president to lend or lease arms and other supplies to “any country whose defense was vital to the United States.”
New American Industries (Most likely not on test)
A merry-go-round company began producing gun mounts
A stove factory made lifeboats
A famous New York toy maker made compasses
A pinball-machine company made armor-piercing shells
Unemployment went down 400,000, then another 500,000
Wolf packs
At night up to 40 submarines patrolled areas in North America
Sank as much as 350,000 tons of U.S. shipments in a month
USS Augusta (1941)
Battleship where Churchill and Roosevelt settled on the Atlantic Charter
Atlantic Charter
The United States and Britain pledged collective security, disarmament, self-determination, economic cooperation, and freedom of the seas
A Declaration of the United Nations
Using the Atlantic Charter as the basis, this treaty formalized the Allies
Greer
U.S. destroyer fired by German submarines in the Atlantic that made Roosevelt shoot German submarines on sight
Pink Star
Two weeks after Greer, this American merchant ship was sunk off Greenland
Kearny
U-boats sank this U.S. destroyer, costing 11 lives
Reuben James
U-boats torpedoed this U.S. destroyer killing more than 100 sailors which resulted in the Senate arming merchant ships
Hideki Tojo
Prime minister of Japan that promised emperor Hirohito that the Japanese government would try to keep peace with the Americans, but attacked navy
Cordell Hull (December 1941)
U.S. Secretary of State that held several meetings with the Japanese ambassador to convince them to pull out of China, to which they didn’t
Pearl Harbor
The largest U.S. naval base attacked by more than 180 Japanese warplanes from six aircraft carriers
2,403 Americans dead, 1,178 wounded
Sunk or damaged 21 ships including 8 battle ships
More than 300 aircraft were severely damaged
Japan Times
Boasted that the United States was reduced to a third rate power and was “trembling in her shoes”
Roger Tuttrup
17 year old boy that was having trouble in school and wanted to be a hero so he volunteered for military service
Selective Service System
Even though 5 million already volunteered, this system expanded the draft to another 10 million soldiers
George Marshall
Army Chief of Staff General that led the armed forces mobilization effort, ensuring that American soldiers were well equipped and properly trained
Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC)
Pushed by George Marshall, this bill allowed women to volunteer to serve in noncombat positions, “the silliest piece of legislation”
Women’s Army Corps (WAC)
Worked as nurses, ambulance drivers, radio operators, electricians, and pilots with full U.S. Army benefits
Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP)
More than 1,000 women were trained as pilots before the war, and this group flew noncombat missions
Cornelia Fort
A civilian pilot who had witnessed the bombing of Pearl Harbor from the air and signed up for WASP
Double V Campaign
Government posters with the slogan “V For Victory” inspired this campaign, encouraging African Americans to join the war effort
Double V Clubs
Clubs of African Americans that collected money and supplies hoping to win victory over the country’s enemies and the treatment at home
Mexican city wartime casualties
Mexican Americans in Los Angeles only made up 1/10 of the city’s population but suffered 1/5 of the city’s wartime casualties
POCs in the military
1 million African Americans served the military in noncombat roles
300,000 Mexican Americans joined the military
More than 13,000 Chinese Americans joined
33,000 Japanese Americans joined
25,000 Native Americans enlisted, including 800 women
Office of War Information (OWI)
This agency was responsible for spreading propaganda to influence public in favor of the war effort
Hollywood
Made movies with musicals, romances, and other escapist fares for the 85 million weekly theater attenders
Office of Price Administration (OPA) PAGE 522
Fought inflation by freezing prices on most goods, while congress raised income tax rates and extended tax to millions of people who never paid it
War Production Board (WPB)
This board changed companies’ manufacturing depending on which resources the armed forces needed
Children collected 36 million lbs of old paper, 65lbs per kid
Victory Gardens
Small piece of land used to farm food, fighting shortages
20 million gardens yielded 8 million tons of produce
Rationing
A system set up by the OPA, gave households coupons to be used for buying scarce goods
Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD)
Brought scientists into the war effort
Created “miracle drugs” such as penicillin
Created blood plasma
Created DDT to fight body lice and insects
Advisory Committee on Uranium
Roosevelt created this committee to study the new discovery of the atomic bomb, stating it would take 3-5 years to complete
Manhattan Project
Code name for research work done at Columbia University in Manhattan to build the atomic bomb
Freeze-drying
New developed method to preserve food to ship to soldiers on both fronts of the war
“victory trim”
Car without chrome-plated parts, which was on the last grey sedan produced by an automaker’s assembly line
Henry J. Kaiser
Industrialist that built 7 massive new shipyards that turned out Liberty Ships, tankers, and aircraft carriers at fast rate
Way One
Henry J. Kaiser’s shipyard in Richmond California that assembled the Hull 440 in a record breaking 4 days
National War Labor Board (NWLB)
This board served as a mediator between labor and management to prevent strikes by setting limits on wage increases
Women working (Page 527)
6 million women wanted to support their country
Women proved that they could operate as well as men
Women earned only 60% as much as men
“Rosie the Riveter”
Inspired by a popular song of the era, her image was that of a strong woman hard at work in an arms factory
Mexican braceros
Hired hands who were invited to the United States to work on farms even though they ended up in the railroad industry
A. Philip Randolph
Founder of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters called upon African Americans to protest in the capital for equal fight for the U.S.
Fair Employment Practices Committee
Induced by Philip Randolph, it called on employers and labor unions to treat all workers the same regardless of difference
James Farmer
Civil rights leader that founded the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
This organization’s purpose was to confront urban segregation in the North, doing sit-ins at a Chicago restaurant
Detroit River Incident
A fight between white and black Americans in the Detroit River resulted in 9 whites and 25 blacks dead
Zoot Suit
Rebellious style of dress adopted by young Mexican Americans, consisting of a long jacket and pleated pants with brimmed hats
Anti-Mexican “zoot-suit” riots
These riots began when 11 sailors in Los Angeles reported that they were attacked by zoot suit wearing Mexican Americans
Native reservations
Native reservation lands were used to mine resources
These lands yielded $39 million worth of vital minerals
$6 million were given to Native American tribes
Star flags
A blue starred flag represented that a family member was in the army
A golden starred flag meant they died
400,000 American service members were killed
Marriages in Seattle
Marriage licenses issued went up as much as 300% early in the war
General Delos Emmons
Military governor of Hawaii that resisted the evacuation of Japanese Americans in Hawaii because they made up 37% of the population
Internment
Confinement of a group of people, which happened to 1,444 Japanese Americans
Executive Order 9066
The removal of people of Japanese ancestry from certain states, rounding up 110,000 Japanese Americans for prison camps
Nisei
Japanese people born in the United States of parents who came from Japan
Monica Itoi Sone
Nisei teenager from Seattle that saw the evacuation to the Minidoka camp in Idaho unbelievable
Korematsu v. United States
The evacuation of Japanese Americans to camps was justified under the Constitution on the basis of “military necessity.”
Japanese American Citizens League (JACL)
Pushed the government to compensate those sent to the camps for their lost property, promising $20,000 to every Japanese American