Unit 1 and 2 Terms

The study of a particular element(phenonemon)(earths integrated systems) as a whole, instead of focusing on particular phenomena in a single place.

a branch of systematic geography which studies spatial relationships between human communities, cultures, economies, and their interactions with the environment

A categorization of land created by people, that has boundaries, unifying characteristics that set it apart, and covers space. these boundaries however can sometimes overlap, creating disagreements.

(REGION)An area that people believe exist as part of their cultural identity. Informal sense of a place

(REGION)(EX)(SYN)people thinking of sweet tea when they think of “the South”.

(REGION)(SYN) social or economic function that occurs between a node or focal point and the surrounding areas.

(SYN)(REGION)(EX)delivery routes from a pizza shop. The shop would be the focal point and houses within delivery distance make up its _________.

Other examples: (metropolitan areas, megaregions, school districts, and the range of broadcasting technology. )

(REGION)(SYN) A type of region where everyone shares a common attribute or trait like language, climate or political system. Could be a politically divided boundary(Brazil) physical(Shara dessert), cultural(southwestern Nigeria where everyone speaks Yoruba), or economic(Gold coast of Africa(ghana), that exports gold.)

(REGION)(EX)(SYN)the French-speaking region of Canada, the dairying region of North America, a country.

(DIFFUSION) When an idea diffuses from its cultural hearth outward, but the original idea is changed by the new adopters.

(DIFFUSION)(EX)another part of the world’s fast-food chain from own culture might find different menu items than in the country that the traveler is from.

(DIFFUSION)distance-controlled spreading of an idea through a local population by contact from person to person.

(DIFFUSION)(EX)Spread of COVID-19

(DIFFUSION)when innovations spread to new places while staying strong in their original locations.

(DIFFUSION)(EX)Islam has spread throughout the world, yet stayed strong in the Middle East, where it was founded.

(DIFFUSION)(EX)Fashion trends spreading from Paris to smaller cities

(DIFFUSION)when an idea spreads by passing first among the most connected individuals(usually in a higher class), then spreading to other individuals)(usually in a lower class

A trait diffuses from a lower status to a group of higher status. Walmart diffused from rural Arkansas to small cities and is now in nearly every city in the US.

(DIFFUSION)When people move, or relocate, they spread ideas along with them.

(DIFFUSION)(EX)the spread of Christianity by missionaries who travel from their homes directly to faraway places to seek converts.

Interconnectedness of all of a culture: no part can be altered without creating an impac on another component of the culture

Art and Science of maps and mapping

(MAPS)A general-purpose map that attempts to show geographic features such as roads and landforms accurately and in detail (Show without interpretation)

shows and labels property lines and details of land ownership

(MAPS) A reference map showing the roads of a city, state, or other area

(MAPS)Reference Map that shows landforms like deserts, mountains, and plains.

(MAPS) Maps that are designed to show the governmental boundaries of countries and states

(MAPS)A specific-purpose map that shows the distribution of one or a few themes or variables (ex: unemployment rates by country)

(MAPS)A thematic map that shows the occurrence of one or more instances of a feature with a dot as a specific location.

(MAPS)a thematic map that uses differences in coloring, or the placing of symbols within predefined areas to indicate the average values of a property or quantity in those areas.

(MAPS)a thematic map that uses symbols with varying sizes to indicate the average values of a property or quantity in those areas.

(MAPS)Thematic map that rescales the size of an area to be proportional to the feature it represents. (shrinks/expands sizes of regions to correspond with variables value)

(MAPS)(SYN)Map line connecting points of equal value on some variable. Close-together lines show rapid change, where the lines are farther apart, the phenomena is relatively the same.(Topographic(elevation), weather, temperature, and precipitation maps)

(MAPS)Type of isoline map used to show the three-dimensional ups and downs of the terrain, designed to show the elevations and landforms of the Earth's surface using contour lines

(MAPS)(SYN)A map based on the set of mental representations people hold in their mind that expresses their beliefs/knowledge about the layout of the environment at different scales.

Quantity of some feature(people, buildings, animals, traffic) per unit area/size

(DENSITY)a measure of the # of people per unit area of land, within predetermined limits.

(DENSITY)(SYN)The total number of people divided by the total land area.

(DENSITY)(EX)The number of People per square kilometer in Japan

(DENSITY)the number of persons(the entire population) per unit of arable land. Measures the entire population of the location per the arable land there. Arable land is where food can get grown so it shows how much food a location needs to get out in order to feed its population.(High number= a lot of resources are needed from one plot of land, meaning that location will prob have to import/increase their crop yields.)

(DENSITY)(EX)population of egypt divided by its arable land

(DENSITY)measures number of farms farmers per unit of arable land. Shows how efficient the society is in producing food. Lower agricultural densities=country is usually more developed as it has access to more technologies and does not need as many farmers to produce for its population.

Northern Europe

is the geometric surface of the Earth. The are between two or more phenomena or things.

the area wherein activity occurs on a daily basis

Actual or potential relationship of 2 places or regions that each produce different goods or services for which the other has an effective demand, reuslting in an exchange between the locales.

(EX)a place with surplus crop production would be in a sense _________ to a place that has demand for food products.

the potential for exchange between places based on an analysis of the cost in distance and time vs. the benefits of movement.

3 factors: Distance, time, and money. (“Dame Tres Monedas”)

The concept that closer opportunities will reduce the attractiveness of interaction with more distance- even slightly better- alternatives; a closer alternative source of supply between a demand point and original source of supply.

less developed countries or regions that are economically and politically weaker than core countries. (outside the boundary of something)

The location of a place relative to other places. (relative location)

(EX)San Francisco's situation being a port of entry on the Pacific coast, adjacent to California's productive agricultural lands.

The physical character of place; what is found at the location and why it is significant(Climate, topography, soil, water sources, vegetation, and elevation.)(absolute location)

(EX)the ____ of Athens was built on hilltops because they were a natural barrier for the defense of the city.

A specific point on earth with human and physical characteristics that distinguish it from other places.

(EX)The City of Medellin is a _____ that has big mountains that surround the city.

(R or A) defines a place in relation to another location. usually defined through connectivity and accessibility.

How well two locations are tied together by roads and links

How quickly and easily people in one location can interact with people in another location.

(R or A)(EX)Describing a city as east of the rocky mountains

(R or A)Position on Earth's surface using the coordinate system of longitude (that runs from North to South Pole) and latitude (that runs parallel to the equator).

(R or A)(EX)A street address is a fixed point that describes the location of a place

(R or A)Measures distance in ways such as monetary costs or time. May vary with improvements in transportation/communication/technology.

(R or A)(EX)New York is 2 hours away

(R or A)physcial separation between 2 points in space, measured on standard unit of length, such as miles or kilometers, without considering any subjective factors like emotions.

(R or A)(EX)5 kilometers away

(R or A)Direction with respect to an objects current location and orientation rather than objective systems such as cardinal directions or landmarks.

(R or A)(EX)Directions such as left/right, forward/backward, and up/down are _____ to an object's current orientation.

(R or A)direction with respect to global location refereces (cardinal directions)

(R or A)(EX)The hospital in northeast

core of the urban landscape known as

The declining intensity of any spatial interaction with increasing distance from its point of origin

measure of the retarding/restricting effect of distance on spatial interaction. Greater the distance=greater the ____ and the less interaction. Distance usually requires some amount of effort, money, and/or energy to overcome.

areas lying between 35 and 55 (or more broadly, between 30 and 60) degrees north or south of the equator.

the set of imaginary lines of latitude that intersect at the right angles to form a coordinate reference system for locating points on the surface of the earth.

0 degrees longitude

180 degrees longitude

0 degrees latitude

The distance north or south of the equator. Circles the globe exactly halfway between the North and South Poles.(0 degrees to the Equator and 90 degrees north and 90 degrees south)

distance east or west of the prime meridian that runs from pole to pole through Greenwhich, England. (0 degrees

method chosen to represent and draw earths curved,globe surface as a flat 2D map.

(Projections) Wedges are removed to try to remove distortion

(Projections)Maps have more distortion but have no wedges or “break points” in the map

(Projections)(SYN)Type of uninterrupted map that was used as a marine navigation tool. Longitude and Latitude create 90-degree angles. Direction lines are straight and constant. Suffers from distortion with sizes and shapes to preserve and reduce distortion with the direction. Inaccurate in the poles.

(Projections)(SYN)depicts the Earth as centered around either the North or South Pole.

(Projections)Type of uninterrupted map that is almost a rectangle but shaves off corners. Minimal distortion in size, distance, and direction but suffers from distortion in poles and curved latitude and longitude lines.

(Projections)Type of uninterrupted map that is almost a rectangle but shaves off corners. reduces distortion by disorting everything in the map a little bit (size, shape, distance and direction). Visually however(through the naked eye) it looks like it has less distortion.

(Projections)(SYN)Type of interrupted map that reduces most of the distortion on sizes of areas but suffers with presenting information and struggles with direction. Will not have an accurate depiction of the ocean. (Composite map: multiple images overlayed on top of each other merged together to create one map)

(Projections)Type of interrupted map that reduces most of the distortion on sizes of areas but suffers with presenting information and cardinal directions. (compromised projection: attempt to minimize distortion by spreading it all around)

(Projections) A type of interrupted map where lines of longitude converge, lines of latitude are curved, and it shows size and shape close to reality. Struggles with direction and on a world map, longitude lines converge at only one pole. Used mainly at midlatitude countries.

(Projections) Type of uninterrupted map that’s similar to the mercator but shows the relative sizes of land masses more accurately, but distorts shapes(especially near poles). Main purpose is ti show spatial distributions related to area

The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the growing cultural landscape. The way cultures have modified areas over time-historically. (Harlem contains Jew synagogues, public spaces named after african American leaders, street names honoring puerto rican leaders.)