Chapter 1: Brain Basics

Substances that convey the message of neurotransmitters from the membrane to the internal cell machinery.

Norepinephrine might play a role in ___________________.

Most axons are covered with a(n) ________ that is made by cells called glia.

A fatal genetic disorder that causes the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain.

The midbrain also has clusters of neurons that regulate activity in widespread parts of the ________

________ means "used to prevent or reduce the severity of epileptic fits or other convulsions".

A small bump, especially one of two pairs in the roof of the midbrain, involved respectively in vision and hearing.

The enzyme that breaks down ACh once it is not needed anymore.

Deficiencies in norepinephrine occur in people with ___________, _____________, and ____________ ___________

________ directs the hypothalamus to make hormones.

The colliculi play a critical role in visual & ________ + in relaying this type of information to the thalamus.

________ are widely distributed throughout the body and brain.

The ________ and all four lobes are in the forebrain.

________ reduces fever and pain by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase enzyme.

The ________ is the basic working unit of the brain.

Drugs bring about their effects by acting like ________________.

________ may also prove useful for new therapies of developmental and degenerative brain diseases.

________ transmit electrical impulses along axons to send a message.

________ are the contact points where neurons communicate.

________ dont act at receptor sites.

________ are organic chemical substances made of two carbon rings.

Neurons in the hypothalamus produce gonadotropin- releasing hormone (________)

________ on genetic materials may lead to long- term alterations in cellular functioning and changes in behavior.

Receptors for _______ ___ _______ ________ are found in selected populations of neurons in the brain and relevant organs in the body.

The ________ has two hemispheres that control the precise timing of movement and cognitive processes.

________ may also be attributed to excess glutamate release that causes stroke and neuronal damage.

________ and gamma- aminobutyric acid (GABA) inhibit the firing of neurons.

________ increases the release of norepinephrine from sympathetic nerves and the adrenal medulla.

The ________ that block or stimulate NMDA receptors hold promise for improving brain function and treating neurological and psychological disorders.

The axon gives rise to ________ & ends at nerve terminals.

The ________ is the extension of the brain through the vertebral column.

A class of compounds made from lipids made by an enzyme called cyclooxygenase.

________ are taken up from blood and act to affect neuronal activity and aspects of neuronal structure.

________ in females is a good example of regular cyclic process driven by circulating hormones and involving a feedback loop.

An autoimmune disease characterized by fatigue and muscle weakness caused by the formation of antibodies that attack ACh receptors on skeletal muscle.

Short chains of amino acids synthesized in the cell body.

Nerve impulses involve the opening & closing of ___ ________.

Thyroid and steroid hormones bind to receptor proteins that in turn bind to DNA and regulate the action of ______.

The ________ contains nerves and small concentrations of gray matter called ganglia.

The ________ consists of two pairs of small hills called Colliculi.

The brain adjusts its performance and ________ in response to changing environment.

________ is then released into the synapse where it attaches to ________ receptors on target cells.

A sheet of tissue covering the outermost layer of the cerebrum

It passes most sensory information onto the cerebral cortex after helping to prioritize that information

The control center for appetite, defensive & reproductive behaviors, and the circadian rhythm

A cluster of neurons in the CNS (central nervous system)

A learning procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus (e.g. food) is paired with a previously neutral stimulus (e.g. a bell)

Formed by the brain and spinal cord

Formed by all the other nerves branching off the brain and spinal cord into the body

Made up of neurons connecting CNS to the parts of the body that interact with the outside world

Made of neurons connecting the CNS with the internal organs, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

Moves around energy and resources in times of stress

Conserves energy during relaxed states and sleep

The part of the neuron that contains all the cellular machinery it needs to survive (nucleus, mitochondria, etc.)

Branched extensions of the neuron's cytoplasm that receive messages from other neurons

A mostly linear extension of the neurons' cytoplasm that sends messages to other neurons

Selectively permeable, water-filled molecular tunnels that pass through cell membrane and allow ions or small molecules to enter/leave the cell

The voltage of the cells membrane

The brain's chemical messengers

The enzyme that breaks down ACh once it is not needed anymore

An autoimmune disease characterized by fatigue and muscle weakness caused by the formation of antibodies that attack ACh receptors on skeletal muscle

A fatal genetic disorder that causes the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain

Short chains of amino acids synthesized in themcell body

A class of opiate-like peptides that were named based on the term "endogenous morphine"

A peptide neurotransmitter causing the sensation of burning pain

A compound that causes the release of Substance P

Substances needed for development, function, and survival of groups of neurons

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)

causes ovulation and starts releasing Estrogen and Progesterone

A class of compounds made from lipids made by an enzyme called cyclooxygenase

Substances that convey the message of neurotransmitters from the membrane to the internal cell machinery

The source of energy in all cells

Changes the function of ion channels in the membrane and the expression of genes in the nucleus