Chapter 3: Land-Based Empires

Shah Hahan

________ in Mughal India and the Taj Mahal combined architecture with Islam to show power.

Finances

________- raised money to fund imperial expansion and extend state power.

Ottoman

________ and Mughal taxation- levied taxes on peasants and used tax farming to collect it (local officials and collectors grew wealthy and corrupt)

Ismail

________- conquered all of Iran was the shah, a king.

Suleiman Mosque

Stanbul of the Ottomans ordered construction of the ________ and buildings of Constantinople which had miniature paintings.

Tributes

________- way to demand recognition of power and authority; form oh wealthy, sign of respect, submission and allegiance.

Safavids

________- used Shia Islam as unifying force; Shah Ismail built power base to support rule and denied legitimacy to Sunni.

South Asia

Control in East and ________- Ming Dynasty in China wanted to erase Mongol influence of the Yuan Dynasty and brought back the civil service exam, established a national school system, and reestablished the bureaucracy; The Qing Dynasty became corrupt and used harsh military control; military leaders called shoguns ruled Japan and had conflict with daimyo (aristocrats) who had army of samurai, had ambitions to conquer, and power to rule fiefdoms; gunpowder weapons helped powerful daimyo unite Japan.

Monumental architecture

________- Mausolea such as Taj Mahal and mosques in Mughal empire; European palaces such as Palace of Versaille in France.

Aztecs

________- less centralized and bureaucratic; had tributary empire.

Mughal

________- empire weakened by corruption and failure to keep up with military innovations; peasant uprisings and revolts.

Westphalia

Thirty Years War- Catholics vs Protestants led to economic catastrophe, famine, and disease; Peace of ________, allowed areas to pick Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism.

elaborate pilgrimage

Askia the Great of Songhai promoted Islam and made ________ to Mecca.

Incas

________- provinces headed by nobles loyal to the emperor.

Akbar

________- achieved grand religions and political goals.

Suleiman I

________- reached peak; ability of Ottomans to send troops far into Christian Europe.

Peter

________ in Russia- established new industries, encouraged private industries, raised taxes, and compelled workers to work in shipyards for urban extension of serfdoms.

Iran

The Safavids- northern modern- day ________ region and the Arabian Sea but without a real navy; used Shia Islam as a unifying force and denied legitimacy to any Sunni; hostile with Ottomans.

Lutheranism

________- Martin Luther concluded the Church violated biblical teachings, sale of indulgences (granted absolution from punishments of sin) and simony (selling of church offices); wrote the 95 Theses, advocated for faith alone for salvation; women could have direct access to God and promoted womens literacy.

France

Absolutism in ________- directed by one source of power with complete authority; Louis XIII moved to greater central government and development of intendants who were bureaucratic elites sent out to provinces to execute orders of the central government; tax farmers who oversaw collection of taxes.

Bureaucracy

Centralized ________- controlled large areas with diverse populations.

Manchu

________- seized power and established the Qing Dynasty; Japan and Korea had parallel developments; expanded China and conquered Mongolia and Central Asia; Great Wall of China.

Protestant Reformation

________- Roman Catholic Church faced challenges in shift from feudalism to centralized governments and was subject to corruption; theological disagreements.

Russia

Control in ________- social hierarchy started with nobles (boyars), merchants, and peasants into serfdom.

Europe

________- end of medieval period and start of early modern period; end of plagues and conclusion of Hundred Years War between France and England; Gutenberg printing press and increased literacy; monarchies launched overseas explorations and established colonies; centralized power by controlling taxes, army, and religion.

Ivan IV

________- boyar class had tension with rulers and opposed expansionist policies, ________ took their land and kept an eye on them; established a paramilitary force loyal to him called oprichnina.

Ottoman Empire

________- dominant religion became Islam; shariah is the strict Islamic legal system that deals with all aspects of life.

Gunpowder Empires

________- large, multi- ethnic states in Asia that relied on firearms to conquer and control territories; tended to be militaristic and have armed trade.

Tokugawa shogunate

________- reorganized the government in Japan to centralize control; required that daimyo maintain residences in home territory and the capital, keeping them under control.

Legitimacy

________- united subjects in their loyalty to the state; used religion, art, and monumental architecture.

Mughal India

________- formed a central government in India when it was in disarray; overseas trade flourished and Arab traders conducted commerce; castes are strict social groupings decided at birth.

Shah Abbas

________ I- troops (Christian boys forced into service) pushed into Georgia in Russia; imported weaponry from Europe.

Taxation

________- revenue collection to support the bureaucracy and military.

Mughal toleration

________- Akbar tolerated all religions, even Sikhism developed from Hinduism and influenced by Islamic mysticism (sufism)

Religion

________- Islamic empires used the caliph; European divine right; conversion to Islam of Songhai rulers; Aztec used human sacrifices.

Scientific Revolution

________- during period of schisms, scientific thought represented thinking based on reason rather than faith; empiricism insisted on collection of data to back up hypothesis; challenged traditional ideas and replace them with ones demonstrated by evidence; science showed that the world was ordered and rational and natural laws applied to rational and orderly progress of gov.

Mughal power

________- Akbar defeated Hindu armies and extended the empire; established an efficient government and fairly administered laws in Delhi; paid government officials, zamindars, in charge of certain duties.

Decline of Gunpowder Empires

________- Islamic empires did not modernize and didnt survive as an independent nation- state.

divine right of kings

Centralizing power in Europe- ________ was the claim that the right to rule was given by God and were political and religious authorities.

Centralization of power

________ by controlling taxes, armies, and religion created powerful monarchies.

Songhai empire

________- mansa (sultan) employed from scholarly class educated in schools of Timbuktu.

Calvinism

________- John Calvin broke with Catholic Church; encouraged to work hard and reinvest their profits to show God favored their obedience and hard work, indicated position among the elect and secular leadership.

Ottomans

________- European forces defeated ________ in a naval conflict; fell victim to weak sultans and strong European neighbors.

Russia

________- linked to Europe, product of Mongol influence from Central Asia to east and Viking invasions and trading.

Safavid

________- lavish lifestyles and military spending → falling revenues and weak economy; rebellion by the Sunni; weak Safavid and strong Ottomans and Russians.

Ivan IV

________- Ivan the Terrible crowned tsar expanded the Russian border eastward taking control of khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan, and Siberia.

Ottoman empire

Art- portraits of Qing emperors and officials; miniature paintings in ________; financial support of European artists.

Europe

end of medieval period and start of early modern period; end of plagues and conclusion of Hundred Years War between France and England; Gutenberg printing press and increased literacy; monarchies launched overseas explorations and established colonies; centralized power by controlling taxes, army, and religion

Russia

linked to Europe, product of Mongol influence from Central Asia to east and Viking invasions and trading

Ivan IV

Ivan the Terrible crowned tsar expanded the Russian border eastward taking control of khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan, and Siberia

Control of Volga

wanted to expand east to control the fur trade and allowed Stroganovs, Russian landowners, to hire Cossacks, warriors, to fight local tribes and the Siberian khan; could trade directly with Persia and the Ottoman Empire

East Asia

Ming rulers managed to stabilize East Asia; Europeans arrived to take part in Asian trade networks

Manchu

seized power and established the Qing Dynasty; Japan and Korea had parallel developments; expanded China and conquered Mongolia and Central Asia; Great Wall of China

Conflict

needed funds, gave trading privileges to Europe but they werent satisfied; bureaucracy was corrupt, response was the White Lotus Rebellion

Gunpowder Empires

large, multi-ethnic states in Asia that relied on firearms to conquer and control territories; tended to be militaristic and have armed trade

Rise of Islamic gunpowder empires

Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires were descended from Turkic nomads from Central Asia, spoke a Turkic language, took advantage of breakup of Mongol khanates, and relied on gunpowder weapons

Rule of Tamerlane

set rise of Turkic empires w/ army of nomadic invaders; ghazi idea, a model for warrior life; gunpowder built a government dependent on military and protected Silk Roads

The Ottoman Empire

extended into modern-day Turkey, Balkan areas of Europe, North Africa, and Southeast Asia; hostile with Safavids over religion and control of trade routes

Mehmed II

a conqueror, established empires capital Istanbul and prospered with trade; strengthened Ottoman navy and attacked parts of Italy

Suleiman I

reached peak; ability of Ottomans to send troops far into Christian Europe

The Safavids

northern modern-day Iran region and the Arabian Sea but without a real navy; used Shia Islam as a unifying force and denied legitimacy to any Sunni; hostile with Ottomans

Ismail

conquered all of Iran was the shah, a king

Shah Abbas I

troops (Christian boys forced into service) pushed into Georgia in Russia; imported weaponry from Europe

Mughal India

formed a central government in India when it was in disarray; overseas trade flourished and Arab traders conducted commerce; castes are strict social groupings decided at birth

Akbar

achieved grand religions and political goals

Decline of Gunpowder Empires

Islamic empires did not modernize and didnt survive as an independent nation-state

Ottomans

European forces defeated Ottomans in a naval conflict; fell victim to weak sultans and strong European neighbors

Safavid

lavish lifestyles and military spending → falling revenues and weak economy; rebellion by the Sunni; weak Safavid and strong Ottomans and Russians

Mughal

empire weakened by corruption and failure to keep up with military innovations; peasant uprisings and revolts

Centralizing power in Europe

divine right of kings was the claim that the right to rule was given by God and were political and religious authorities

Gentry Officials

justices of the peace where officials selected by the gentry to maintain peace in countries of England, carry out laws, and settle legal matters

English Bill of Rights

assured individual civil liberties and protection against tyranny of the monarchy by requiring agreement of Parliament

Absolutism in France

directed by one source of power with complete authority; Louis XIII moved to greater central government and development of intendants who were bureaucratic elites sent out to provinces to execute orders of the central government; tax farmers who oversaw collection of taxes

Control in Russia

social hierarchy started with nobles (boyars), merchants, and peasants into serfdom

Ivan IV

boyar class had tension with rulers and opposed expansionist policies, Ivan IV took their land and kept an eye on them; established a paramilitary force loyal to him called oprichnina

Peter the Great

Romanov Dynasty took control of Russia; desires and agendas for the Church, conserving traditions, and the boyars; Defender of the Orthodoxy, would lose support of the Russian clergy because of his reforms; reorganized Russian gov

Control in the Ottoman Empire

sultans used a selection system, devshirme, to staff military and the gov., Christian boys were taken to serve the Ottomans and were taught high level education; Janissaries formed the elite forces in the Ottomans and were indoctrinated to be loyal to the sultan

Control in East and South Asia

Ming Dynasty in China wanted to erase Mongol influence of the Yuan Dynasty and brought back the civil service exam, established a national school system, and reestablished the bureaucracy; The Qing Dynasty became corrupt and used harsh military control; military leaders called shoguns ruled Japan and had conflict with daimyo (aristocrats) who had army of samurai, had ambitions to conquer, and power to rule fiefdoms; gunpowder weapons helped powerful daimyo unite Japan

Tokugawa shogunate

reorganized the government in Japan to centralize control; required that daimyo maintain residences in home territory and the capital, keeping them under control

Mughal power

Akbar defeated Hindu armies and extended the empire; established an efficient government and fairly administered laws in Delhi; paid government officials, zamindars, in charge of certain duties

Finances

raised money to fund imperial expansion and extend state power

Peter in Russia

established new industries, encouraged private industries, raised taxes, and compelled workers to work in shipyards for urban extension of serfdoms

Ottoman and Mughal taxation

levied taxes on peasants and used tax farming to collect it (local officials and collectors grew wealthy and corrupt)

Ming Dynasty tax collection

collection responsible by private citizens

Protestant Reformation

Roman Catholic Church faced challenges in shift from feudalism to centralized governments and was subject to corruption; theological disagreements

Lutheranism

Martin Luther concluded the Church violated biblical teachings, sale of indulgences (granted absolution from punishments of sin) and simony (selling of church offices); wrote the 95 Theses, advocated for faith alone for salvation; women could have direct access to God and promoted womens literacy

Calvinism

John Calvin broke with Catholic Church; encouraged to work hard and reinvest their profits to show God favored their obedience and hard work, indicated position among the elect and secular leadership

Anglicanism

King Henry VIII wanted to annul his marriage but the pope refused out of parry of Charles V but with the approval of the English Parliament, he made himself head of the new Anglican Church

The Orthodox Church and reforms in Russia

Charles V revitalized concept of universal monarchy and defended the Holy Roman Empire from the Protestant Reformation; Church had been a force unifying the Russian people and tsars; Peter the Great confirmed power over the Church by abolishing the patriarch, the head of Church; established the Holy Synod of clergymen overseen by secular officials who answered to the tsar

Counter-Reformation/Catholic Reformation

fight against the Protestant attacks; used the Inquisition to punish nonbelievers, Jesuits undertook missionary activity, and the Council of Trent which corrected the Churchs abuses; Catholicism remained predominant

Wars of religion

churches and inhabitants forced to practice state religion

France

Catholics vs Huguenots; Edict of Nantes allowing Huguenots to practice their faith and provided religious toleration

Thirty Years War

Catholics vs Protestants led to economic catastrophe, famine, and disease; Peace of Westphalia, allowed areas to pick Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism

Ottoman Empire

dominant religion became Islam; shariah is the strict Islamic legal system that deals with all aspects of life

Safavids

used Shia Islam as unifying force; Shah Ismail built power base to support rule and denied legitimacy to Sunni

Mughal toleration

Akbar tolerated all religions, even Sikhism developed from Hinduism and influenced by Islamic mysticism (sufism)

Scientific Revolution

during period of schisms, scientific thought represented thinking based on reason rather than faith; empiricism insisted on collection of data to back up hypothesis; challenged traditional ideas and replace them with ones demonstrated by evidence; science showed that the world was ordered and rational and natural laws applied to rational and orderly progress of gov

Military

elite group of soldiers to solidify control over territory

Centralized Bureaucracy

controlled large areas with diverse populations

Ming and Manchu dynasties in China

civil service exams for scholar-gentry