Ap Biology Unit 1 - water/pH🪼

determines how acidic or basic (alkaline) a substance is

donate H+ ions and accepts OH- ions Ex: HCl

donates OH- ions and accepts H+ ions Ex: ammonia

hydrogen ion, hydronium, or proton

hydroxide ion

1-14 (1-acids, 7-neutral ~ water, 14-bases); 10x between each level

plug in H+ concentration (pH scale #) subtract from 14 get OH- concentration

plug in H+ concentration in 10^-x form, (x=scale number/concentration) that number is pH

buffers help maintain pH level by donating or accepting H+ ions when needed *don’t always buffer to 7* Ex: carbonic acid/biocarbonate (H2CO#←→HCO#)

universal solvent, cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, high specific heat, specific heat of fusion, specific heat of vaporization, expands at freezing (8)

Oxygen is slightly negatively charged and hydrogen is slightly positively charged; the atoms are covalently bonded but the molecules are hydrogen bonded; water evaporates due to the breaking of the hydrogen bonds