Exam 1 Physiology

structure of the body (what it’s made of)

the function of the body (how it works)

Villi in the intestine are used for absorption, tongue used to talk and taste

The shape (structure) of a protein determines its function

Chemical, Cellular, Tissues, Organ, Body Systems, Organism

atoms: smallest building blocks of matter

basic units of life capable of carving out processes

groups of cells with similar structure and function

2 or more tissue types that perform specialized functions

collection of related organs (11)

body systems in a functional organism

phospholipid in the membrane that encloses a cell

an epithelial cell in the stomach lining

Layers of tissue in the stomach wall

The stomach

Digestive System

The whole body

*Obtain nutrients and O2 from the environment surrounding the cell

*Perform chemical reactions that use nutrients & O2 to provide energy for the cells

*Eliminate CO2 and other by-products/waste

*Synthesize proteins, and other components needed for cell structure, function, or growth

*Control the exchange of materials between the cell and its environment

*Move materials internally or move the whole cell

*Sense and respond to changes in the environment

*Most cells reproduce

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous

-specialized cells for the exchange of materials

-Covers, lines, and secrets

-Lines skin, respiratory and digestive tracts

-connects, supports, and or anchors body parts

-Most diverse

-Ex: bone, blood, tendons

-specialized cells for contraction which cardiac movement

-Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

-specialized cells for initiating and transmitting

-Ex: nerves

-Nervous

-Digestive

-Circulatory

-Respiratory

-Muscular

-Skeletal

-Integumentary

-Urinary

Endocrine

-Reproductive

fluid inside the cell; contains 65% of total body water

area outside the cell

Fluid found in the spaces around cells

liquid portion of blood

Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment. Essential for the survival of each cell.

Blood Pressure, Temp, pH

-local control

-Built in or inherit within an organ

O2 used up at a high rate à Oz concentration falls -> local chemical change causes smooth muscles of blood vessel walls to dilate à more blood flow = more O2 delivered

-systemic control

-Initiated outside an organ to regulate the activity of an organ

-Can regulate multiple organs at once

-Nervous system via impulses

-Endocrine system via hormones

drop in bp à nervous system acts upon heart à arterioles to increase BP

Is an event that happens to us

is our reaction or action toward that event

-restore a detected change back to the desired range

-The variable is moved in the opposite direction of where it was heading= reversal

almost all homeostatic controlled factors (body temperature)

-amplifies or increases a detected charge until the endpoint is reached

-Variable moves in the same direction

Childbirth, blood clotting

initiates a response in anticipation of a change

food digested in the GI tract causes secretion of insulin → Insulin in the bloodstream waits for glucose that’s about to be in the bloodstream from food → limits rise of blood glucose

detect change & send info to integrating center

assess change around a set point & sends instructions to effector

makes appropriate adjustments to counter the change from set point

-the smallest unit of matter that forms a chemical element

-Has a nucleus

positive charge, located in nucleus

no charge, located in nucleus

negative charge, located in electron cloud

those in outermost shell and are involved in chemical bonds

# of protons and # of electrons

composed of 2 or more atoms chemically bonded

composed of more than 1 type of atom chemically bonded

unequal sharing of e- between different types of atoms covalently bonded together

charged atoms; either lost or gained an electron

any solute that forms ions when dissolved in water AND that resulting solutions conducts electricity

-Transfer of electrons

-Most dissociate when dissolved in water

-Opposites attract

-Dissociate, fall apart, dissolve → ionize in water

-Sharing of electrons

-e- pulled more toward 1 atom causing a partial charge

-O, N, P pull strongly

-Highly electronegatively

-Hydrophilic

-when the + hydrogen end of a molecules is attracted to the – end of another point molecule

-Weak attraction between molecules

-Partial charges make water universal solvent

Unequal sharing

Glucose, amino acid

Equal sharing

CO2, Lipids, Fats

Positive charge, loses e-

Negative Charge, gains an e-

Reactants → Products

speeds up chemical reactions without being used up

what is dissolved?

Electrolytes, glucose

Doing the dissolving

Most commonly water

Solvent and Solute

Extracellular fluid

Dissolves in

Does not like water

Does like water

O2, lipids, fats

Glucose

water molecules are attracted to other molecules

watery solutions on lungs “glues” lungs to thoracic walls

water molecules are attracted to each other

Prevents blood from separating

-Polar

-Universal Solvent

-Adhesive

-Cohesive

Partial charges allow for hydrogen bonds to form with other molecules, making those molecules dissolve in water

Gives up H+

Takes in H+

0-14

0-6.9

7

7.1-14

pH <7.35

pH >7.45

The lower the number the more H+

The difference of 1 pH is a difference of 10

Drive the reaction to the left to tie up excess H+

Drive the reaction to the right to release more H+

Those containing carbon

Essential to life

Carbs, lipids, fats, and proteins

All other molecules