Studied by 33 people
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
Risks of homologous blood transfusion
Hemolytic, allergenic reactions
Infection( Hepatitis, HIV)
Renal issues
Transfusion related acute lung injury
SNS neurotransmitters
Adrenaline, Noradrenaline, Dopamine, 5-HTP
Autologous transfusion
transfusion of one’s own blood
Homologous transfusion
transfusion of blood taken from another person with the same blood type
Adding 50-70 Hb to athletes blood increases ______ by ________
10 k improvement of _____
VO2 max ; 175-245 mL ; 30 s-1 minute
Operacion Puerto
Dr. Eufemiano Fuentes blood doping services in spain (blood bags found)
Mechanism in which blood doping increases oxygen carrying capacity
More hemoglobin(Hb) = more oxygenated blood carrying capacity
methods of autologous blood doping
Draw 1-4 units of blood from athlete
Treated/packed RBCs stored at 4 degrees C
Return to baseline blood levels for 8-12 weeks
Reinfused prior to competition
timeframe of aerobic performance enhancement for blood doping
effects last 10-12 days, return to baseline after 8-12 weeks
Hemoglobin concentration _____ ______ with altitude
rises linearly
which sports/athletic events are more prone for blood doping
aerobic sports (like cycling)
Notable athlete associated with blood doping
Tyler Hamilton (American cyclist)
When WADA prohibits blood doping
at all times
Effectiveness of altitude-simulating tents, technology, and masks
contradictory results - masks dont work
ideal/optimal method of altitude training
Live High, train low
Does altitude affect the composition of air
no, air composition does not change
How altitude affects partial pressure of oxygen
PO2 decreases with altitude
Live High train low exercise effects:
increased VO2, 5K performance and RBC
Hematocrit cutoff for males (EPO)
50%
Clinical uses for EPO
Treatment of severe cases of anemia
chronic kidney disease, myelodysplasia from cancer treatment, HIV infection, prematurity, bone marrow transplantation, autologous blood transfusion
Danger of synthetic EPO use
blood may become too thick and cause heart failure
2001 Findland Skier Scandal (plasma expanders)
Jari Isometsa, misplaced medical bag found near gas station (EPO/plasma expanders), six skiers tested positive
Most common form of gene-doping/manipulation
sharing urine samples
Types of manipulation
Tampering with samples and intravenous infusions and/or injections
WADA’s regulation on intravenous infusion
Prohibited at all times (in and out of competition) unless legitimately received as clinical treatment
When does WADA prohibit gene doping
At all times (in and out of competition)
2 basic mechanisms of actions of stimulants
mimic neurotransmitter effects
increase secretion of these neurotransmitters
Side effects of ephedrine
anxiety
dysrhythmias
HTN
Addiction
Seizure
Psychosis
Death
side effects of amphetamines
Anxiety, indifference, irresponsible behavior, irritability, restlessness, dry mouth, tremors, insomnia, confusion, delirium, sweating, palpitations, rapid breathing, tachycardia, HTN, chronic use may lead to decrease libido, withdrawal associated with mental and ohysical depression
Different types of stimulants:
Caffeine, amphetamines, cocaine, sympathomimetics, modafinil
Types of sympathomimetics
ephedrine, pseuduoephedrine, phenylephrine (more of a placebo), phenylpropanolamine (PPA)
Performance enhancing effects of caffeine & ephedrine
increases muscular endurance
enhances anaerobic exercise performance
small amount of weight loss
Performance enhancing effects of cocaine
increased HR and TTE and blood lactate
epinephrine use (heat stroke and cardiac events) athlete
Knud Jensen (1960)
stimulant use (heat stroke and cardiac events) athlete
Tom simpson (1967)
Types of narcotics
Analgestic, Non-narcotic/opioid, Narcotic (opioid), morphine, diamorphine (heroin), codeine, dihydrocodeine
Opiates vs opioids
opioids is the umbrella term, opiates are naturally occurring opioids in the body
Physiological effects of narcotics
stimulate the same receptors endorphins act upon to induce similar or more profound analgesia and euphoria > nociception and sense of well being
Mechanism of action of opioids
Inhibits the generation and transmission of nerve impulses in the peripheral pain fibers
When opioids bind to receptor:
inhibits adenylate cyclase and calcium channels
leads to decrease excitability of neurons/pain signals
Clinical uses for narcotics
post injury for pain management, acute diarrhea( anti-motility-shuts down GI tract), antitussives (for dry, nonproductive cough)
Statistics of opioid-related drug overdoses
over 75% of deaths in 2021
When WADA prohibits narcotics
prohibited in competition
The mixture of drugs including a narcotic analgesic(heroin) and stimulants(amphetamines and cocaine) is nicknamed what
“pot Belge”
Tested positive for morphine in 2007
Ethiopian runner, Ambesse Tolosa
Cannabinoid receptors:
CB1 and CB2
CB1 and CB2 location
membrane of nerve endings in the brain
Stimulation of CB1 and CB2 effects
acetylcholine in hippocampus (learning and memory) and noradrenaline in cerebral cortex (alertness and motor coordination)
Mode of action of THC
tends to accumulate in adipose tissue, slowly released
When does WADA prohibit cannabinoids
prohibited in competition (exception: cannabidiol)
Michael Phelps was banned for 3 months in 2009 for
a picture with a bong
AAF for THC metabolites
Ross Rebagliati in 1998
American sprinter positive for THC metabolites
Sha’Carri Richardson
Potential performance-enhancing effects of glucocorticoids
endurance performance and strength
When does WADA prohibit glucocorticoids
Prohibited in competition
Mental attitude effects of amphetamines
psychosis, violence, suicide, and depression
When does WADA prohibit stimulants
in competition
Non-narcotics/opioids:
acetaminophen, NSAID, Asprin
Narcotics(opioid):
codeine, morphine, hydrocodone (vicodin), Oxycodone
Joked about morphine and got her hotel raided
Kate Reed
CB1 is more
psychoactive
CB2 is more
anti inflammatory/ anxiety
Cannabinoids are likely more ______ than ________
ergolytic than ergogenic
In 2018 CBD was made legal in US by
Farm Bill
Lance Armstrong in trouble for
EPO
Note
Flashcard