AP Euro - Unit 1

Petrarch

Father of the Renaissance, developed humanism

Humanism

Philosophy which focused on the unlimited potential of human beings

Lorenzo Valla

Studied the philology of Latin

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

Wrote “Oration on the Dignity of Man” which argued the unlimited potential bound by the human being

Secularism

Divorce of religious belief from society

Individualism

Emphasizes triumph of the individual over the community

Civic Humanism

Applying humanism to the public sphere

Baldassare Castiglione

Wrote “The Courtier” which told how to behave in a courtly society

Leonardo Bruni

Wrote “The New Cicero” which argued that intellectuals are duty-bound to share their knowledge in service of the state

Niccolo Machiavelli

Wrote “The Prince” which argued that a ruler must do whatever it takes to preserve power

Naturalism

Art style which portrayed the world as it was without symbolic figures

Geometric Perspective

Technique used to portray the realistic illusion of depth in art

Leonardo da Vinci

Artist and inventor during the Italian Renaissance

Michaelangelo

Artist and Sculptor during the Italian Renaissance

Raphael

Artist during the Italian Renaissance

Filippo Brunelleschi

Architect during the Italian Renaissance

The Medici Family

Major patrons of Renaissance art, established the banking industry in Florence

Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Artist during the Dutch and Flemish Renaissance

Rembrandt

Artist during the Dutch Renaissance

Christian Humanism

Philosophy that combines humanistic thought with Christian traditions

Desiderius Erasmus

Christian humanist who wrote “The Praise of Folly”: A satirical piece which criticized the corrupt aspects of religious hierarchies

Johannes Gutenberg

Invented the moveable type printing press

Treason Act

Criminalized the refusal to recognize the Church of England and the official state church

Act of Uniformity

English subjects have to attend Anglican church services every week or pay a fine

Act of Supremacy

Declared King Henry VIII the head of the Anglican Church

Alcabala

Tax on the sale of property

Corregidores

Magistrates, civic officers

Concordat of Bologna

Allowed the Pope to tax the French Catholic Church

Mercantilism

There is a finite amount of wealth and the goal is to acquire as much as possible

Balance of Trade

More exports than imports

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Created policies in France that enabled French industry to create everything the people needed to decrease tariffs

Reconquista

Spain driving Muslims and Jews out of the country

Bartolome de las Casas

Writer who defended the indigenous Americans

Maritime Empires

Sea-based empires

Prince Henry the Navigator

Got Portuguese ships to join the spice trade via the Cape of Good Hope

Vasco de Gama

First European to sail around the Cape of Good Hope

Samuel de Champlain

Founded France’s first permanent settlement in Quebec

Treaty of Tordesillas

Portugal and Spain splitting territory in the New World

The Columbian Exchange

The global transfer of goods, culture, and diseases between the Old World and the New World

Feudalism

A system where peasants lived and worked on a noble’s land in exchange for protection from nobles

Double-Entry Bookkeeping

How banks kept track of money

Joint-stock Company

A private company in which investors bought shares

Subsistence Farming

Farming for oneself

Enclosure Acts

Allowed large landowners to purchase public land and privatize it

Nobles of the Robe

French economic elite who could afford to buy their nobility

Serfs

Peasants who work the land on manors

Jean Bodin

Said to keep peace through laws and dictating religion

Hugo Grotius

Laid the foundation of international law and diplomacy

Hernan Cortes

Destroyed the Aztec Empire and governed modern day Mexico

War of the Roses

Civil war between the House of Lancaster and House of York

Politique

Rulers who put the wellbeing of the state first

German Peasant Revolt

German peasants demanded freedom from oppression by the nobility

Miguel Cervantes

Wrote “Don Quixote”