AP Euro Final Review

Feudal Structure

Kept order in society (land=power)

1st Estate

Clergy - manage Church and pray

2nd Estate

Nobility (greater & lesser) - protect in war and keep order (royal blood)

3rd Estate

Common Folk - peasants/serfs who do the work (NO royal blood - everyone else)

Black Death/Plague

30% of Europe dies which broke down the strict social structure

Great Schism

Problem of the 3 Popes which led to the decline in the prestige of the Church

100 Years War

Great Britain vs. France (increased nationalism as monarchs started to take power from nobility)

The Italian Renaissance

Rise of wealthy and the lack of a centralized authority in Italy led to a revival of Classical texts

Characteristics of Humanism

1. Admiration of Ancient Greeks/Romans

2. Secular AND religious

3. Encouraged individual uniqueness (liberal arts education key to reaching full potential)

Civic Humanism

Participation in public affairs was essential for human development (ex. Bruni)

The Medici Family

Ruling family of Florence during its "golden age" and "started" the Renaissance

Thomas Petrarch

Called the "Father of Humanism" and helped popularize an age of individualism, learning, and the classics

Castiglione

Wrote the Book of the Courtier, a manual written for nobility on how to be a "well rounded man"

Pico della Mirandola

Believed humans had a spark of divinity and unlimited potential

Leon Battista Alberti

Believed in the idea of the "Universal Man" and that he was the best one

Leonardo Bruni

Father of Civic Humanism (strongly believed in civic duty)

Christine de Pizan and Cassandra Fedele

First feminists who advocated women's intellectual capabilities and challenged male dominated society

Machiavelli

Wrote "The Prince" (a manual for royals on how to obtain and maintain power) and would rather be feared than loved

Leonardo da Vinci

"The True Renaissance Man" (artist, sculptor, scientist, inventor) who painted Mona Lisa, the Last Supper, and the Vitruvian Man

Michelangelo

An Italian Renaissance artist/sculptor who created the statue of David (depicts biblical story of David/Goliath) and painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel (celebration of man)

Raphael

An Italian Renaissance artist who painted School of Athens (portrayed all aspects of Humanism)

Johannes Gutenberg

Inventor of the printing press

Characteristics of New Monarchs

1. Create a centralized government

2. Building strong armies

3. Religious unity

New Monarchs

Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile (Spain), Charles V (Holy Roman Empire), Louis XI (France)

Hapsburgs

Royal family of the Holy Roman Empire and later Austria

Motives for Exploration

Gold, Glory, God

2 Countries that led Exploration

Portugal & Spain (because they had internal stability, a centralized government, and nationalism)

Compass, astrolabe, sextant, better maps

New technologies that enabled exploration and establishment of empire

Treaty of Tordesillas

1494 - Portugal & Spain divided up the New World into spheres of influence (Portugal got Brazil and India, Spain got Latin America)

Jesuits

AKA the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola aimed at spreading Catholicism (fairly successful in Eastern Asian countries)

Encomienda System

Allowed the forced labor of Natives in the New World on plantations

Middle Passage

A ship packed with slaves' voyage from Africa to the Americas (terrible conditions, many died on the ship)

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World (Europe) and the New World (the Americas)

Bank of Amsterdam

First central bank

Commercialization of Agriculture

Use of scientific farming and the Putting-Out System which made farming more efficient and increased migration to cities and population

Price Revolution

Rise in prices because of the influx of gold and silver (led to inflation, food shortages, and a decrease of population)

Mercantilism

An economic system where a nation's power depends on its wealth (state controlled economy & export raw materials from colonies)

Johann Tetzel

Sold indulgences which upset Luther

Martin Luther

Disagreed with Catholic Church/Pope and split the church (but still a branch of Christianity) by posting 95 Theses addressing his concerns (his followers became Protestants/Lutherans)

Problems with the 16th Century Catholic Church

Selling of indulgences, pluralism, nepotism, absenteeism, simony, corruption, etc.

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor who couldn't focus on the "Luther Problem", which made it easy for Luther to split the church

Diet of Worms (1521)

Luther called before Charles V to recant, which he does not, leading Charles V to issue the Edict of Worms

Edict of Worms (1521)

Charles V's response to Luther not listening to him (declared Luther an outlaw within the HRE)

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

Division of Church is finally recognized - Charles V says it's ok to be Lutheran but only if the prince of your state is

Catholicism

Authority of religion is Pope, 7 sacraments, salvation through faith and good works, transubstantiation

Protestantism/Lutheranism

Authority of religion is God, 2 sacraments, salvation through faith alone, consubstantiation

Calvinism

Branch of Protestantism formed by John Calvin who believed in Predestination and "no fun"

Predestination

Calvinist belief that God determines if you go to heaven or hell when you are born

Puritan

A English Calvinist

Presbyterian

A Scottish Calvinist

Huguenot

A French Calvinist

Anabaptist

Branch of Protestantism with the same basic teachings, just a lot more radical (condemned by Luther)

Anglican

The official religion of England with no Pope and the King/Queen as head of Church instead

Council of Trent (1545-1563)

Catholic response to Luther - reaffirmed doctrines & reformed practices (stopped sale of indulgences)

Tudors

English royal family during Reformation until replaced by the Stuart family

Act of Supremacy (1534)

King Henry VIII of England names himself the official Head of Church

Act of Treason (1534)

King Henry VIII of England makes it punishable by death to deny the King as the Head of Church

Spanish Armada (1588)

King Philip II of Spain sent ships to the coast of England to fight Queen Elizabeth I when she refused to marry him but failed

Schmalkaldic Wars (1546-1555)

1st War of Religion: Catholics vs. Protestants in the HRE which led to the Peace of Augsburg

Revolt of the Netherlands (1566-1648)

2nd War of Religion: Protestants (Calvinists) vs. Philip II (Spain) and Catholics - led to Catholic south Netherlands and Protestant in north

French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)

3rd War of Religion: Caused by the persecution of Huguenots and uncertainty in the French Monarchy and after the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre and the War of the 3 Henry's, ends with Henry IV as the new King of France

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572)

Mass slaying of Huguenots in Paris, on Saint Bartholomew's Day.

War of the 3 Henry's (1580's)

Henry of Navarre (Huguenot) vs. Henry of Guise (Ultra-Catholic) vs. King Henry III (Catholic) - Henry of Navarre wins and becomes the new King of France (Henry IV) and becomes Catholic but passes Edict of Nantes

Edict of Nantes (1598)

Recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France, but gave Huguenots the right to worship in select places

30 Years War (1618-1648)

4th War of Religion: The final battle between Catholics and Protestants involving 4 phases: the Bohemian War (HRE victory), the Danish War (HRE victory), the Swedish War (HRE victory), and the Franco-Swedish War (Protestant victory and the end of the HRE) and ended with the Peace of Westphalia

Edict of Restitution (1629)

Forced Protestants to return to the Catholic Church all property seized since 1552

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Ended the 30 Years War and officially ended the Holy Roman Empire (allowed religious toleration and official separation of religion and politics)

English Civil War (1642-1649)

5th War of Religion: Neither James I or Charles I (both Stuart) enforce Catholicism and ignore Parliament (which Parliament doesn't like) - Cromwell captures English crown and establishes a Commonwealth until he died, which led to the restoration of the Stuart Monarchy with Charles II

Declaration of Indulgence (1672)

Charles II passed this law saying any religion (non-Anglican) can hold a job in England (Parliament does not like)

Test Act (1673)

Parliament's response to Charles II's Declaration of Indulgence saying that only Anglicans can hold office

Glorious Revolution (1688)

England is fed up with James II so William of Orange & Mary raise an army to take the throne, but James II flees before any bloodshed is spilled - William of Orange is now King of England

English Bill of Rights (1689)

1. King must have Parliament consent to: make laws, levy taxes, and raise an army

2. New individual rights: religious toleration, right to bear arms, no cruel punishment (laid foundation for constitutional monarchy)

Scientific Revolution

A new age believing through reason and not whatever the church says

Geocentric Model

Earth is motionless at the center of the universe and everything else is moved by God (believed by Aristotle and Ptolemy)

Heliocentric Model

The sun is at the center and Earth moves around it based on daily rotations on an axis - closer to the truth, but not all the way there (believed by Copernicus)

Nicolaus Copernicus

Proposed the heliocentric model which, at first, made everybody (including religious figures and ordinary people) really mad (because they all believed in the geocentric model) but eventually caused the scientific community to encourage more research/debate

Scientific Method

A new, logical method using ideas from Bacon, Descartes, Galileo, and Newton on how to reasonably solve a problem

Francis Bacon

Key idea: Empiricism (Induction) - given a specific hypothesis or observation, one combines observation to reach a general conclusion

Rene Descartes

Key idea: Rationalism (Deduction) - given a general conclusion or principle, one determines specific consequences or applications (everything can be explained by MATH)

Cartesian Dualism

Descartes' idea that God created 2 separate spheres:

-Mind = emotion

-Matter = measurable reality/math

Deism

A religion with the common belief that God created the universe and all its laws then was "hands off" (popular with lots of scientists and philisophes)

Tycho Brahe

Spent 20 years observing and recording positions and movements of stars and planets and discovered a comet moving through the sky

Johannes Kepler

Discovered 3 Laws of Planetary Motion:

1. Orbits of planets were elliptical NOT circular

2. Closer planets are to the sun, the faster they move and planets move slower as distance from sun increases (disproves Aristotle/Copernicus idea of steady motion)

3. Planets with larger orbits revolve at a slower average velocity than those with smaller orbits

Galileo Galilei

Used math to explain motion - church hated him and accused him of heresy for constantly disproving them

Sir Isaac Newton

Invented calculus to explain changes in motion (gravity) and the 3 Laws of Motion - the world is seen in mechanical terms that can be explained by humans (math)

Galen

Had 3 main ideas that were all DISPROVED by a different scientist:

1. 2 blood systems (muscle & digestive activity)

2. Great blood vessels originate in LIVER

3. Imbalance of 4 humors caused diseases

Paracelsus

Disproved Galen's 3rd idea (humor imbalance causes disease): Chemistry - recognized for diagnosis & treatment of diseases