AP BIO unit 6

associated phenotype with specific chromosome

transforming principle

experimental evidence that DNA was the genetic material

confirmed DNA is a transforming factor

DNA composition, base pairing rules

developed double helix model of DNA

showed how DNA replicates

DNA →(transcription)→ RNA →(translation)→ Protein

A-T , C-G

A-U , C-G

(photo)

sites where replication begins

(photo)

enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks

bind to and stabilize single-stranded DNA until it can be used as a template

corrects “overwinding” ahead of replication forks

reads the DNA code and synthesizes an RNA primer (5-10 RNA nucleotides long)

adds DNA nucleotides to the 3' end of the primer (assembles in the 5' to 3' direction)

replaces RNA primers with DNA nucleotides

seals fragments

synthesized by DNA polymerase, moves continuesly toward replication fork

series of Okazaki Fragments, joined by DNA Ligase

replaces damaged strech of DNA

nucleotide sequences at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in germ cells

Transcription, mRNA Processing and Modification, Translation

the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA

RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter region of the DNA, RNA polymerase unzips DNA and initiates transcription

RNA polymerase attaches ribonucleotides in the 5’--> 3’ direction

RNA polymerase detaches from DNA, releasing RNA strand

Addition of 5’ cap, Addition of poly-A tail, RNA splicing

Introns are removed, exons are spliced together

noncoding region

coding region

the synthesis of a polypeptide, which occurs under the direction of mRNA

the first tRNA with an amino acid temporarily binds to the first site

the second tRNA molecule attaches to the second site of translation, amino acid from the first tRNA is transferred to the amino acid on the second tRNA, the first tRNA exits, the ribosome moves, a new tRNA enters

release factor enters, polypeptide is released

single base change or base pair substitution

no amino acid change

changes amino acid

change to stop codon

insertion or deletion that changes the reading frame

a stretch of DNA that includes the operator, the promoter, and the genes that they control

“switch” in a segment of DNA, positioned within the promoter

protein that switches operon off

molecule that cooperates with a repressor protein to switch an operon off

usually on; binding of repressor to the operator shuts OFF transcription (trp operon)

usually off; an inducer inactivates the repressor and turns ON transcription (lac operon)

default on, when tryptophan is present it bind to trp repressor and turns operon off

default off, inducer molecule inactives repressor

funtion in anabolic pathways

function in catabolic pathways

Chromatin modification, Regulation of transcription, RNA processing, mRNA degradation, Translation, Protein processing and degradation

genes in highly compacted chromatin are generally not transcribed

loosens chromatin structure, Promotes transcription

addition of methyl groups condenses chromatin, Inhibits transcription

proteins that help RNA polymerase to initiate transcription

different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript

Life span of mRNA molecules in the cytoplasm is a key to determining protein synthesis

After translation, chemical groups get added to proteins for further specialization, Proteins are folded by chaperonins

significant amount of the genome may be transcribed into non protein-coding RNAs

base pairing of one strand of a nucleic acid to a complementary sequence on another strand

the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

Process of producing multiple copies of specific DNA segments, making recombinant DNA in the process

small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome

DNA from two different sources, often two species, combined **into the same DNA molecule

bacterial enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences called restriction sites

most useful cuts in a staggered way

can produce many copies of a specific target segment of DNA

Heating, Cooling, Replication

An electrical current is applied that causes charged molecules to move through the gel, molecules are sorted into "bands" by their size

DNA fragments produced by restriction enzyme digestion are sorted by gel electrophoresis

variations in the number of repeats of specific DNA sequences

new technique for editing genes, Cas9 = bacterial protein