DOL EXAM 3

Which phylum helps us better understand the seed plants

Monilophyta

What are three traits of angiosperms

dry, compact mesophyll

what is the difference between lycopodia and monilophyta

micro vs megasporophyll

Do seedles vascular plants still need water to reproduce

yes the still have spores and not seeds and think of the carboniferous period

What led to the dominance of seed plantss

sead coat pollen spreading, the Pangea and loss of habitat, they coud stand descication and make better fit for the changing world

Monilophyta originated?

390 mya

Monilophyta have heterosporous aquatic fungi?

T

Three uses of lycophytes

1. Floral Industry

2. Medicinal and homeopathic remedies - pain relief, support of memory retention

3. Photography and pyro-techniques/special effects (spores = lycopodium powder)

4. Coal deposits - source of energy for generation of electricity worldwide

5. Model system to understand evolution of vascular plants (Selaginella moellendorffii genome sequence) (resurrection fern drought tolerant model)

Lycopodia have motile aquatic sperm

T

whats the oldest lineage of extant vascular plants

Lycopodiophyta

Name the three extant lineages of Lycopodiophyta

Lycopodiales, Selaginellales, isoetales

Which fern is being researched at esf

Hart's tongue fern, fragrant cliff fern

What are the four extant lineages of monilophyta

Equisetidae (unbranched stems, strobilus) Ophioglossidae (no roots adaxial synangia, Marattiopsida, (large fromds, abaxial synangia)

Polypodiidae 95% (some heterospory sori, megaphyll, leptosporangia )

Monilophyta are a Euphyllophytes

T

When did seed plants originate

the cold and dry end of the caboniferous perios 286 mya wwhen permian pangea happened 3rd mass extinction

Four gymnosperms

Cycadophyta ginkophyta coniferophyta gnetophyta

most basal lineage of seed plants,, fronds clustered at top

cycadophyta 11 genera 300 spp. dioecious

Ginkophyta

7 genera 50 spp. catkin like reproductive structures 2500 years of life

Gnetophyta

two integuments 3 families 1 genus each ephedra welwitschia gnetum

coniferophyta

most ecologically and economic gymnosperm initial diversification in triassic

WHY are seeds important

• Formed from the ovule which is composed of sporangium and integument

• Integument provides protection for sporangium and associated events

• Matured ovule contains seed coat (protection), embryo (young sporophyte) and cotyledon (food source)

• The seed can survive in dry conditions while the spore is critically dependent on water

Whats the largest spruce

Sitka spruce

Whats the conifer genera most native to NY

Pinus

How many genera of conifers are native to NY and how many exist total

15 native to NY 53-67 total in the world

tree used to mae stradivarius violins

Picea Abies

Most widely distributed in Europe

Pinus sylvestris

Rarest conifer in NA

Port orford cedar, serpentine soils high metal and alkaline

rarest tree in world

Monteray pine

Largest pine and biggest cones

sweet sap pine

Nine naturalized genera of conifers

Abies(balsamea) Larix (laricina) Picea (abies, glauca, mariana, rubens) Pinus (banksiana, resinosa, rigida, strobus, sylvestris, virginiana) Tsuga (canadensis) Cupressaceae Chamaecyparis (thyoides) Juniperus (communis, horizontalis, virginiana) Thuja (occidentalis) Taxaceae Taxus (canadensis)

Smallest angiosperm tallest angiosperms largest inflorescence widest stem plant

wolfoglia eucalyptus

bayobab

How many species of angiosperms are there

250,000

Which fllower only blooms once evry so often and lets off heat bc of it, convection

titan arum

Oldest living angiosperm

creosote bush, quaking aspen

Nitrogen fixing

red clover, acacia, red alder

all major crops are angiosperms

T

name two characteristics unique to angiosperms

carpels, flowers, sieve tube memebers, endosprem

Name all the parts of a flower bitch

hi

How did carpels form

Like a lil leaf folding in the megasporangio like a lil irish dance blanket so many of them formed through the folding and folding and foldin so now theres three carpels and one pistil

Pericarp

the wall of a ripened ovary, consisting of ecocarp mesocarp and endocarp

sylema dn phloem water cells comparesd to conifers

they have so many more perferations and lots more puts the have perferation plates and vessel elements that water passed fater through via perferations rather tahn trachieds, they also have sieve tube members rather than just cells, they have more pores in general

Leaf size trends across evolutionary history

they got more veiny and more stomata for transporting and holding water.

the most archaic extant angiosperm

Amborellaceae Amborella - the most archaic extant angiosperm

• The only species in Amborellaceae

• Very restricted range - New Caldeonia montane forest

• No economic important, but great evolutionary significance

• Carpels with unfused stigmatic ridges (closed by secretion)

• A woody angiosperm without vessels

• Stamens undifferentiated into anthers and filaments

look at this bitch

hi

WHat does ANA stand for

Amborellales nymphaceales ausrrobaileyales

Nymphaeales

water lily family aquatic vessels for water transplant globally distributed many tepals

Evolutionary signifigance of magnoliids

vessels for water transport columellate pollen (collumns on pollen grain wall) ethereal oil Plicate fused carpels

Evolutionary chnages leading to eudictos

ethereal oil lost tricolpate pollen

Basal Eudicots- Ranunculaceae

Buttercup family sometimes no petals carpels many and distinct fruit often follicle smalll delicate flowers bright colors MARSH MARIGOLD GLOBEFLOWER WHITE BANEBERRY COLUMBINE

Core Eudicots Crassulaceae

differentiated petals and sepals, 4-5 of each free carpels CAM

CAM

crassulacean acid metabolism stomates open at night for CO2 uptakeand carbon fixation Photoynthetic light reactions with closed stomated during the day to limit water loss

Cactaceae

succulent stems CAM metabolism spines instead of leaves

Fabaceae

legume family 3rd largest angiosperm faimily 18,000 spp. 2nd largest in economic importance peanuts, soybeans, lentils, peas, beans, alfalfa, tamarind

Rosaceae

perianth 5 merous stamens numnerous roses, good smelling things

Asteraceae

23,000 spp. most diverse and most spp of all plant families artichoke, sunflower, lettuce

Orchidaceae

monocots 19500 spp. number 2

Poaceae

monocots 50% of humans calories grasses number 1 family in economic importance 70% of farmland 4 most important food crops, wheat rice corn and sugarcane 24% of earths vegetation number 4 in species richness

BLueberries family

Vaccinium

Sapindales citrus

oranges, grapefruit, lemon, lime

Family for apples, cherries, pears, almonds, peaches, hydrangea

Rosales

Fabales

legume trees and orchids

Santalales

most parasitic family

Fagales

alll the nuts oaks, chestnuts, beech hazelnuts

Uritcales

figs, white mulberry, elm trees

Laurales

Cinnamon, bay laurel, avocado, sassafras

Magnolialesmost primittive angiosperms

magnolias nutmeg the whole jazz

Boreal New York

Paper Birch, balsam polar, quaking aspen, mountain ash

Alpine one of the rarest in NYS

crowberry, lapland rosebay, bearbery willow, billlberry,

Old fields

prunus cherry pin, cockspur hawthorn, choke cherry, smooth sumac,

Mesic mixed hardwoods

all the hardwood ones idk os many, sugar maple, yellow birch, bitternut hickory, beech, white ash, black walnut, yellow poplar, honeysuckle, raspberry, poison ivy.

dry mixed hardwoods

black maple, sweet birch, pignut hickory, shagbark hickory, american chestnut, hackberry, vornus lforids, white oak, bur oak, most of the oaks, sassafras, devils walking stick,

hardwood swamps 6% wetland NYS

red maple, shallbark hickory, black gum, quercus bicoloor, quercus paulustris, spice bush, rhododendron, poinson sumac,

Flood plain communities

box elder, populus deltoides, silver maple, river birch, sweet gum, salix nigra, salix species

wet meadows

buttonbush, spiraea tomentosa, meadowsweet, black elderberry, red twig dogwood, silky dogwood,

Eastern lake ontario dunes 17 miles

sand cherry, heartleaf willow

pine barrens

gray birch, scrub oak, bearberry, mountain laurel, lowbbush blueberry.

Alvar, rocky limestone

roundleaf dogwood, fragrant sumac.

bogs

bog laurel, bog rosemary, leather leaf, highbush blueberry, cranberries, mistletoe, holly.

fen

bog birch!, swamp fly honeysuckle, hoary willlow,

Restriced to downstate, long island especially

quercus phellos, quercus stellata, atlantic white cedar, sweetbay magnolia, red chockeberry, illex opaca, swamp azalea

lycopodiophyta

dominant group ~ 360 mya = Carboniferous Period

Lycopodiophyta

characterized by dominant and complex sporophyte generation

Lycophytes roots form?

split from the apex

eulophytes/monilophytes roots form?

subapically

What do vascular tissues do? aid in doing?

Allow for tall height

provides competitive advantage

xylem and phloem allow for transport of water and food

How many veinns does a microphyll have? Megaphyll

micro 1 mega 2

Name a xerophytic plant

cycad, cactus, dry dessicate things

most and least diverse gymnosperm phyla

most - coniferphyta

least - gnetophyta

black spruce

might be the slowest growing tree

Pterophyta extant lineages

Polyamorus marragies only work gossipwise if there are horses with unbranced stems.