AVMG 2600 EXAM 2

SMCR Model

Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver (sender and receiver don’t have to be consciously aware of communication happening)

Sender/Receiver

Communication skills, attitudes, knowledge, social system, culture

Alignment needed for successful communication

Message

Encoded by sender - content, elements, treatment, structure, code

Channel

Decoded by receiver - hearing, seeing, touching, smelling, tasting

Nonverbal Communication

Paralinguistics - rate, tone, pitch, volume, prosody (rhythm, stress, and intonation), facial expressions, eye contact, body language, hand gestures - can have significant impact on receiver’s interpretation

Barriers to Communication

1. Sender deficiency: impaired skills, limited training

2. Receiver deficiency: hearing is not listening, selectively attending to one thing and not another (GPWS not heard)

3. Mismatches: disparity in attitude, knowledge, social system, or culture (steep flight deck gradient), language (jargon),

4. Message deficiency: encoded in a way that doesn’t reflex situation, too long/short (use NITS)

5. Transmission/reception barriers: physical (noise, oxygen masks, flight deck door), interruptions

NITS briefing

Nature: summary of situation

Intentions: what will happen

Time: time to land, time to begin to approach

Special instructions: anything receiver needs to do or know

Establishing a positive team atmosphere

Stroke - a social action that can temporarily satisfy recognition hunder of someone else (like saying hi or acknowledging someone’s presence)

• need to be in first 4 minutes to maintain relationships

• Can set negative tone if not done

Communication strategies for effective briefings

1. First 4 minutes determines how effective

2. Listen, understand, be calm, don’t interrupt, don’t judge, beware of biases, concentrate, don’t rehearse answers while listening

3. NITS or ASSIST

4. Brief crew for plans, threats, and actions

5. Primacy/recency effect: start and end have better recall

6. Deeper thinking = better recall (chronological recall)

7. Better recall if encoded in same environment

8. Stay ahead of the plane!!

Communication strategies for assertiveness:

Honest communication between both pilots - highlight unsafe acts

Communication strategies for assertiveness: first officer

vital for flight safety - many accidents from FO not speaking up to captain - should draw attention to threats captain does not go over in briefing, should raise concern if captain committed unsafe act, should take action if captain does not respond to first warning by giving command or going around

Communication strategies for assertiveness: Captain

should encourage FO assertiveness by having interactive briefings, setting tone so FO feels comfortable with speaking up, should respect FO’s decision if they take control

Fatigue

a physiological state of reduced mental or physical performance capability resulting from sleep loss or extended wakefulness, circadian phase, or workload (mental and/or physical) that can impair the crew member’s alertness and ability to safely operate an aircraft or perform safety-related duties - physical, not psychological

Effects of fatigue

microdamage from depleted energy in muscles and brain, negatively impacts info processing, S1 shortcuts, struggling with information processing, acute and and chronic fatigue, only remedy is sleep

Sleep

allows body to recover and repair, several stages (rapid eye movement REM and non-rapid eye movement NREM). Organizes memories and solidifies learning, good mood, better decision making and social interactions, neurons repair, immune system weakens without sleep, growth and development

Stages of sleep/Sleep physiology

Awake and engaged, awake and relazed, N1 sleep  (Stage 1 - transition, microsleep, somewhat aware), N2 sleep (Stage 2 - relaxed, slow breathing, 20 minute stages, 50% of sleep), N3 sleep (Stage 3 - slow-wave sleep, brainwaves 60x slower, restorative, difficult to wake up), REM sleep (brain activity similar to being awake, rapid eye movement, dreams)

Sleep inertia

Very difficult to wake someone up when they are in slow-wave sleep. Grogginess can last 30 minutes. When woken, the brain must reconfigure to run 60x faster. Effects people with chronic sleep fatigue worse.

Homeostatic sleep drive and sleep need

1/3 of our lives should be asleep. Adenosine and our biological clock determine our real need.

Biological clock, circadian rhythm, chronotypes, sleep urge

Subjective cycle where we become most drowsy. Most significant between 2-6 am.

Sleep debt

total sleep lost

Fatigue risk management strategies individual

Achieving high-quality sleep, nap effectively, insomnia and sleep disorders(Sleep apnea - Happens when the soft tissue in the back of the throat falls back and obstructs the airway. Increased chance of heart attacks and strokes), mitigating risk if fatigued(Sleep and Caffeine), sleep medications(Maintainers and Initiators. One keeps you asleep and the other helps to put you to sleep), jet lag(Number of hours difference = days it takes to adjust)

Fatigue risk management strategies organizational level

Uses biomathematical models based on circadian rhythms based on the Goode Sleep Study to suggest when actions may be impacted by fatigue.

Stress

A real or interpreted threat to an individual’’s physical and psychological integrity that results in biological/behavioral responses. Good stress is eustress, bad stress is destress. An effective stress management means a increased performance level.

Three types of stress

1. Environmental stress - conditions associated with literal environmental factors

2. Physiological stress - conditions of your body like illness and sleep loss

3. Psychological stress - Social and emotional issues like divorce, demotion, etc.

Acute stress

Known as short-term stress, ex: a test coming up

Chronic stress

Consistent sense of feeling pressured and overwhelmed

Social readjustment rating scale

a 43-item list of typically experienced life change events commonly used by researchers interested in the impact of stress on health and well-being.

Allostatic load

wear and tear on the body because of chronic stress, measurable through biomarkers. Correlated with impaired cognitive and physical performance, decreased immunity, increased risk for cardio vascular disease

Prevention of allostatic load

Recognizing a stressor and prepping, having solid networks, having a diversionary activity, and recognizing acute can become chronic

Management of allostatic load

Aimed at stressor: ABCs - avoid, buffer, contingency (if buffer fails). Aimed at individual: exercise, sleep, social support, rely on faith, locus of control, me time, outside help

Alcohol and drugs

These are the two most applied means of managing stress

Effects of alcohol

Slowed cognition, impairment of memory formation, motor, and sensory function, unconsciousness, death

Alcoholism in aviation

You may not operate or attempt to operate an aircraft within 8 hours of having consumed alcohol, while under the influence of alcohol, with a blood alcohol content of 0.04% or greater, while using any drug that adversely affect safety, federal offense

Performance strategies in relation to alcohol

use a 12 to 24 hour rule, reflect on your drinking practices, avoid social pressure to drink, use 0013 strategy 0 drinks 0 DUIs, 1 drink per hour, 3 drinks per outing

Performance strategies in relation to drugs

OTC (amount of time it has an effect x 5 is how long you wait) and don’t take recreational drugs

Effects of drugs

OTC: drowsiness, confusion, blurred vision and dizziness, may be more pronounced at altitude.

Drugs use in aviation

Must report drug or alcohol related incident to FAA within 60 days, HIMS program. If you can’t use heavy machinery using the medicine, you can’t fly an airplane.

Sleep Hygiene

No caffeine 4 hours before bedtime, no smoking 1 hour before bedtime, avoid alcohol, no aerobic exercise within 2 hours of sleep, consistent schedule, establish a regular bedtime routine