Studied by 5 peopleNucleotide made of
sugar, nitrogen, phosphate group
ATP is a nucleotide with
2 extra phosphate groups.
Sugar in ATP is
ribose
Nitrogen Base in ATP is
Adenine
energy is stored in the
bonds between phosphate groups
Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP)
only one phosphate group is present
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
2 phosphate groups present
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
3 phosphate groups present
to release the stored energy the bonds must be broken through
hydrolysis reaction
ADP molecule can be ____________ with another phosphate group to make ATP
recombined
Phosphorylation
PROCESS of adding a phosphate group to ADP
Carbon Dioxide ( CO²) contributes to
Global Warming
Reactants in photosynthesis equation
CO², H2O, Sunlight
Products in photosynthesis equation
C6 H12 O6, O2
Thylakoid Disc
flattened sacs containing pigment - chlorophyll
Grana ( Granum )
Layered Thylakoid Disc
Stroma
Solution around thylakoids
Pigments
molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of sunlight.
Pigments are arranged within the thylakoid membranes in clusters
photosystems
Leaves have large surface area to
absorb as much sunlight as possible
Stomata ( stoma - singular )
pore on underside of leaf where O2 is released and CO2 enters. Controlled by guard cell
light increases +CO2 increases =
= photosynthesis increases
Temp low =
= photosynthesis low
Temp to high =
= photosynthesis rate drops
All living things carry out
cellular respiration
Cellular Respiration
Process by which glucose molecules are broken down by the mitochondria to release energy (ATP)
Steps of light - dependent reactions
Light strikes chlorophyll in thylakoids - passed through electron transport chain proteins - moves to 2nd electron transport chain - picked up by NADP+ to be carried to stroma - when NADP+ combined with electrons and hydrogen ions it becomes NADPH carrying energy to the stroma
NADP+
Carrier Molecule
When electrons replaced
water is split in the 1st photosystem electrons are returned to chlorophyll to continue process. Oxygen also produced into air.
Photolysis
water is split
Light independent reactions
CO2 to convert ATP into simple sugars ( Calvin cycle ) occurs in stroma
Aerobic Respiration
requires oxygen; produces 36 ATP
Glycolysis
makes 2 ATP - anaerobic
Citric Acid cycle
makes 2 ATP - aerobic
Electron transport Chain
makes 32 ATP - aerobic
Anaerobic Respiration
does not require Oxygen; produces 2 ATP
If oxygen is not available glycolysis will be followed by
fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation
Yeast ( single-celled fungi ) produces carbon dioxide and ethyl (used to make bread)
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Animals and bacteria makes lactic acid ( muscle soreness / production of milk products )
Note
Flashcard