AP Euro Unit 4

a. Machine b. Invented in Germany, then used throughout Europe c. This machine which was invented by Johannes Gutenburg, and was modeled after a grape press for wine making. It was used for the mass production of books. It allowed the spread of the Bible, and allowed for information to be spread quickly, increasing the literacy rate. This allowed many people to have their own copies of the Bible, and allowed them to interpret the book for themselves.

a. Philosopher b. Greek c. He profoundly influenced Western thought. He categorized knowledge, and developed a proto-scientific method.

a. philosopher b. England c. He was known as the "father of scholasticism." He believed that the knowledge of God was the supreme act of learning, and that scientific discovery was simply to further understand the mysteries of God.

a. Early non-methodical science b. England c. This scientific method of sorts was essentially trying to find "cheat codes" to the universe. Alchemists would try to put together random things in a random order (like inhaling the fumes of cow feces) in order to gain some sort of beneficial result. There was no trial and error method behind this, it was merely throwing spaghetti at the wall to see what stuck.

a. Astronomer b. Greece c. He developed the geocentric theory. This was the accepted theory by the Church and therefore science because it confirmed the Bible.

a. Astronomer/mathematician b. Poland c. He published the heliocentric theory which was the theory that the earth and other planets revolve around the sun instead of the sun being the center of the universe. This theory went against the Catholic Church which stressed the geocentric theory. He angered the church and was forced to basically withdraw his theory which Galileo would later study.

a. theory b. Poland c. Originally published by Polish astronomer Nicolaus Coperncius. This theory stressed that the Sun was at the center of the Solar System and challenged the antiquated geocentric theory.

a. Pope b. Italy c. Copernicus dedicated his work Concerning the Revolution of the Celestial Sphere to this pope. This dedication showed Coperncius's devotion to the Catholic Church.

a. Astronomer b. Italy c. He validated Copernicus' heliocentric theory through his observations of the universe with a telescope. He was the first to use the telescope as a scientific instrument, and was later placed on house arrest for his support of the heliocentric theory.

a. Scientist b. England c. Famous scientist for his development on the laws of gravity and motion. He also created calculus and was a major figure of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment.

a. Book b. England c. This book, written by Isaac Newton, led to the invention of calculus. It also helped to flesh out his theory about gravity.

a. Philosopher b. Britain c. He served in the court of James I of England, and wrote extensively about inductive reasoning. His most important contribution is through the development of empiricism, the idea that one must use their senses to understand the world around them.

a. Form of reasoning b. Europe c. In this form of reasoning, multiple premises, all believed true or found true most of the time, are combined to obtain a specific conclusion. This logical process was a significant aspect of the Scientific Revolution.

a. Philosophy b. Europe c. This philosophy stresses the importance of using one's senses to understand the world around them. It was championed by Francis Bacon and played a major role in the Scientific Revolution.

a. A way of thinking b. Europe c. The philosophy that if the conclusion is true, that the premises are also true. This form of reasoning played a major role in the Enlightenment.

a. A philosophy b. France c. This quote by French philosopher Rene Descartes illustrates the idea of empiricism. The basis of his claim is that humanity must start building a new epistemology (body of knowledge) with this quote as the first accepted belief.

a. Scientist b. England c. He used human dissection to show the role of the heart in circulating blood through the body. His discoveries were a major contribution to the Scientific Revolution.

a. philosopher b. France c. This philosopher developed a famous "wager" that it was better to have some belief in God because of the possibility of an afterlife. His philosophy showed the tension between religion and the Enlightenment in France.

a. A philosophy b. France c. In this "wager" Blaise Pascal argued that one should believe in God because it provides confidence on earth, and that being wrong for eternity (potentially) is a steep price to pay. This wager shows the tension between Christianity and the Enlightenment.

a. Religious group b. France c. This was a religious group of the French Catholic Church. They adapted many of the ideas of the Huguenots, such as predestination and an emphasis on man's depravity. Blaise Pascal developed "Pascal's Wager" in response to their extreme beliefs.

a. An English writer B. England C.He was a philosophe during the Enlightenment. In Leviathan, he argued that someone must have absolute authority in order for a society to function properly. He grew up during the English Civil War, a time of incredible chaos, disorder, and lack of leadership.

a. Book b. England c. In this book, Thomas Hobbes argues that someone must have absolute authority in order for a society to function properly. Hobbes grew up during the English Civil War, a time of incredible chaos, disorder, and lack of leadership.

a. Philosopher b. England c. He stressed that all people had "natural rights"-- the right to life, liberty, and property. He believed that governments should function to protect these rights, and if they were unable to do so then the citizens should rebel. His ideas were the foundation of the Enlightenment.

a. Political Philosophy b. England c. The social contract was the idea that when a man is born free he immediately joins a social contract with the government which helps to protect his natural rights: "life, liberty, and property" and has the right to rebel against the government if those rights aren't protected.

a. Idea b. England c. This idea of John Locke stated that we are born "tabula rasa" or "blank slates" at birth. Over time, our slates are filled with experiences that shape our individual self and moral character. This idea stood in opposition to the Christian belief in "original sin" and the inherent sinfulness of humanity.

a. Philosopher b. Holy Roman Empire c. Philosopher of the Enlightenment. He wrote "What is the Enlightenment?" and argued that it was to "dare to know." He believed that it was necessary for individuals to cast off ideas of the past that were accepted because of tradition or intellectual laziness.

a. Thinker of the Enlightenment b. France c. These individuals were the leading thinkers of the Enlightenment. They met in salons and believed in the Enlightenment belief in the head over the heart. Examples of these individuals include Kant and Voltaire.

a. A community of writers b. Worldwide c. This was not place, but rather an international community of writers during the Enlightenment that communicated in French. This played a significant role in the American colonies, where Founding Fathers participated in the discussion.

a. French philosopher b. France c. He is known for supporting more liberal ideas of his time and challenging the Catholic Church with his ideas of humanism. He also wrote Candide and the famous phrase "Crush the Infamous Thing!" which referred to "superstitious" and "dogmatic" Catholic beliefs and practices.

a. belief b. worldwide c. Religious belief that dominated during the Enlightenment. Also known as the "clockmaker god," Enlightenment philosophes believed that God made the universe according a set of rules and laws, and then walked away from creation. The belief is that God does not play an active role in the modern world.

a. Motto b. France c. This was the motto of Voltaire. The "infamous thing" was what Voltaire considered the superstitious beliefs and practices of the Catholic Church.

a. philosophe b. France c. He was an Enlightenment philosophe that wrote The Spirit of the Laws. He argued that governmental power should be divided and that "absolute power corrupts absolutely."

a. book b. France c. This book, written by Baron de Montesquieu argued that governmental power should be divided and that "absolute power corrupts absolutely." His book significantly influenced ideas about government.

a. book b. France c. In this book, Montesquieu critiques his native France through the fictional letters of two Persians traveling through Europe. Attacked religious zealotry, called for a universal system of justice, and deplored slavery as being against natural law.

a. Philosopher b. France c. He was a key French figure of the Enlightenment. He was most notorious for creating the encyclopedia, a book compiled of all of the knowledge known to man thus far. His encyclopedia represented empiricist beliefs circulating in Europe following the Scientific Revolution, and into the Enlightenment.

a. Philosopher b. Switzerland and France c. He was one of the great Enlightenment thinkers of the eighteenth century for his views on government and education. He presented the idea of the social contract which challenges a government's authority over an individual. Additionally, he believed the best form of education should be hands on in nature between a student and a mentor.

a. book b. France c. This book opens with the line that "All men are born free, but everywhere they are in chains." In this book, Rousseau argued that the earliest society of hunters and gatherers was the most ideal, but since we can not return to it, we decided to be bound into a social contract.

a. A societal belief b. France c. This idea, created by Rousseau, illustrated that there is a "general will," or rather, a general want that the population has, and that a ruler is required to do whatever it takes to uphold that general will, whether it be morally right or not. This would later turn into an incredibly dangerous and twisted thing, especially in WWII with Hitler.

a. philosophe b. Italy c. This Italian philosophe wanted a complete overhaul of jurisprudence. He believed that those accused of crime should be allowed certain basic rights. He argued against torture to gain admission of guilt, as well as capital punishment. He represented the growing trend of humanities during the Enlightenment.

a. Philosophe b. Scotland He pushed further than any French philosopher by advocating atheism. He argued that there was no empirical evidence to support the miracles discussed in the Christian tradition.

a. historian b. United Kingdom c. This historian was known for his book, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. He criticized Christianity as the main cause for the fall of the Roman Empire, and saw the rise of Christianity as a social trend rather than a divine event.

a. book b. United Kingdom c. In this book, Edward Gibbon criticized Christianity as the main cause for the fall of the Roman Empire, and saw the rise of Christianity as a social trend rather than a divine event.

a. economist b. Scotland c. He wrote the Wealth of Nations, which outlined basic capitalism as it is today. In his book, he believes that the economy should not be regulated by the government, but rather by the consumers. He never explicitly says "capitalism," but today's capitalism evolved from his ideas.

a. Book b. Scotland c. This book was written by Adam Smith. In it, Smith disagreed with mercantilist systems in favor of a new economic theory in which the market is driven by the consumers and is left alone by the government. This would eventually become known as capitalism.

a. Enlightenment figure b. France c. She was a leading Enlightenment thinker and For example, the Encyclopedia may not have reached the reading public save for the intervention of Marquise de Pompadour, Louis XV's mistress.

a. feminist and author b. England c. She wrote Vindication of the Rights of Woman, which talked about gender stereotypes, women's education, and society. She helped push forward the women's rights movements during the Enlightenment. She also is the mother of Mary Shelley who wrote Frankenstein.

a. book b. England c. Wollstonecraft argues that women should be included in the Enlightenment movement because women and men are equally rational. Her work shaped the early feminist movement.