AP Bio Unit 7 - packet vocab

the geographic distribution of species

the idea of descent w modification, which is the modern def of evolution

change in the genetic makeup of a population over time; descent of modification

natural selection

a process in which individuals that have certain traits tend to survive and reproduce at HIGHER rates than other individuals bc of those traits

some phenotypes increase or decrease an organims’s fitness ( ability to survive and reproduce )

traits are heritable and more offspring are produced than can survive

inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction

competition will occur, traits that lead to survival accumulate in a population as populations evolve NOT INDIVIDUALS

evolutionary change

a group of individuals that of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed to produce fertile offspring

a populations genetic makeup that consists of all copies of every allele type

fixed

less genetic diversity

small scale genetic changes in a population

mutations, genetic drift, gene flow, natural selection

form new alleles

chance events that cause a change in allele frequency from one generation to the next

• most significant to SMALL populations

• can lead to a loss of genetic variation

• can cause harmful alleles to become fixed

• does NOT produce adaptations

• two types : bottleneck and founder

large population is drastically reduced by a natural disaster

some alleles may become overrepresented, underrepresented, or absent

few individuals become isolated from a large population and establish a new small population w a gene pool that differs from a large population ( lose genetic diversity)

transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to fertile individuals or gametes

alleles can be transferred between populations

relative fitness

selection towards ONE extreme phenotype

selection towards the mean and against extreme phenotypes

selection against MEAN ONLY, both extreme phenotypes have the highest relative fitness

species w showy traits (peacocks)

determines what the genetic makeup of the population would be if it were NOT evolving, then its compared to actual data

• if there are no differences, then the population is NOT evolving

frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain constant w mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are active

no mutations, random mating, no natural selection, extremely large population, no gene flow

if any of that happens the micro evolution occurs

allele frequencies

individual organisms

fossil record, comparative morphology, biogeography

gives a visual of evolutionary change over time ; examined by carbon 14 decay

analysis of the structure of living and extinct organisms

characteristics in related species that have similarities even if the functions differ

many species have similar embryonic development

structures that are conserved even though they are no longer have a use

many species share similar DNA and amino acid sequences

characteristics that are similar in 2 species bc they share a common ancestor

structures that are similar but have separate evolutionary origins (ex. wings in bats and bees)

similar adaptations that have evolved in distantly related organisms due to similar environments

many fundamental and cellular features and processes are conserved across organisms

cellular examples: membrane bound organelles, linear chromosomes, INTRONS in genes

the distribution of animals and plants geographically

classification of organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships

naming and classifying species

hypothesis of evolutionary history

fossil records, DNA, proteins, homologous structures

diagrams that represent the evolutionary history of a group of organisms similar to cladograms, BUT the trees show the amount of change over time measured by fossils

reps a lineage

is a node

common ancestors

clades

shared derived features

common ancestor of the species

basal taxon

a derived characteristic shared by clade members

similarity inherited from the most recent common ancestor of an entire group

similarity that arose prior to the common ancestor

includes the most common ancestor of the group and all descendants (clade)

includes the most common ancestor of the group, BUT NOT ALL THE DESCENDANTS

does not include the most common ancestor of all members of the group

uses the hypothesis that requires the fewest assumptions (DNA changes)

a group able to interbreed and produce viable fertile offspring

formation of new species; results in diversity of life forms

…speciation

physical barrier that divides population, or small population is separated from main population

populations are geographically isolated, and prevents gene flow

a new species evolves while still inhabiting the same geographic region as ancestral species via the exploitation of a new niche

prevents mating or hinders fertilization

species live in diff areas or they occupy different habitats within the same area

species breed at diff times of day, year, or season

unique behavioral patterns and rituals separate species

the reproduction anatomy of one species doesn’t fit w the anatomy of another species

proteins on the surface of gametes don’t allow for the egg and sperm to fuse

prevent a hybrid zygote from developing into a viable fertile adult

the genes of different parent species may interact in ways that impair the hybrid’s development or survival

a hybrid can develop into a healthy adult, but it is sterile - usually results due to differences in number of chromosomes between parents

the hybrid of the first generation may be fertile, but when they mate w a parent species or one another, their offspring is sterile (f2 )

allele frequencies within a species or population (natural and sexual selection, genetic drift, gene flow)

large evolutionary patterns, extinctions, adaptive radiation

no change over long periods of time

if a new habitat or niche becomes available, species can diversify rapidly

when evolution occurs rapidly after a long period of stasis

when evolution occurs slowly over thousands of years

two different species develop similar traits despite having def ancestors

groups w the same common ancestor evolve and accumulate differences resulting in the formation of a new species

organic molecules due to free energy and ABUNDANT OXYGEN.. or meteorites

hydrogen

methane

ammonia

water

found organic compounds and amino acids formed

buliding blocks for macromolecules

proposes that RNA could have been the earliest genetic material, and explains the pre-cellular stage of life