AP Psychology Unit 8

a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders; groups disorders by types of symptom

deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors

study in which healthy individuals were admitted into mental hospitals after saying they were hearing voices. Once in, they acted normally and still were not labeled as impostors.

symptoms appear during childhood; ADHD and Autism Spectrum Disorder

A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate actions and emotions.

a psychological disorder characterized by episodes of mania and depression

general category of mood disorders in which people show extreme and persistent sadness, despair, and loss of interest in life's usual activities; major depressive disorder, Seasonal Pattern, Peripartum Onset, Persistent Depressive Disorder

disorders in which the main symptom is excessive or unrealistic anxiety and fearfulness; specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder

a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions) ; related disorders include hoarding and body dysmorphic disorder

conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings; amnesia, with fugue, depersonalization/derealization disorder, identity disorder

the set of psychological disorders in which a person with at least one bodily symptom displays significant health-related anxiety, expresses disproportionate concerns about their symptoms, and devotes excessive time and energy to their symptoms or health concerns; hypochondriasis, conversion disorder, factitious disorder/imposed on another

a person experiences long-term problems with adjustment following a traumatic event; acute, PTSD

Characterized by persistent disturbance of eating behavior, leading to altered consumption or absorption of food that significantly impairs physical health and/or psychosocial functioning; bulimia, binge eating disorder, anorexia nervosa

use of/dependence on substances that affect mental functioning; includes 10 different substance classes

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning; 3 Clusters; antisocial, borderline, narcissistic, dependent

cognitive therapy

rational emotive therapy

psychoanalytic therapy

behavioral therapy - counter conditioning (can positive emotions be conditioned to replace negative emotions?)

humanistic, client-centered therapy

behavioral therapy; operant conditioning

systematic desensitization

use both classical and operant conditioning to help patients change undesirable behaviors; seem to be helpful for ADD/ADHD, behavior problems, bed-wetting, marital concerns, and phobias

Goal is to help clients recognize dysfunctional thought patterns that lead to distress and change them

therapy focuses on helping people become more self-aware and accepting in order to help reach their full potential

Main goal is to uncover what is in the unconscious that might be contributing to symptoms and help the person work through it; seem to be helpful for depression

Main Goals are to help clients understand how their thoughts might affect their behaviors; to change both thinking and behavior

Looks at a client and their symptoms in light of culture and background

attempt to change the neurochemical structure of the brain; are most effective when used in conjunction with psychotherapy

A cognitive behavior therapy that emphasizes the importance of logical, rational thought processes; seems to be effective for helping anxiety disorders and depression

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening and unconditional positive regard within a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)

a subjective feeling that something is wrong

behavior that impairs a person's ability to live and work

behavior that differs significantly from the norm

suggests that a person may be predisposed for a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by environmental stress of some sort

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

children show disturbances in 3 main areas - deficits in social interaction, deficits in communication, and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests

a disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual's ability to function

an anxiety disorder involving the extreme and irrational fear of being embarrassed, judged, or scrutinized by others in social situations

a diffuse state of constant anxiety not associated with any specific object or event

characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks

a disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure

subtype of depression in which a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular time of year

subtype of depression that applies to women who experience an episode of major depression either during pregnancy or in the four weeks following childbirth

a form of depression in which a person experiences depressed moods most of the day nearly every day for at least two years and two other symptoms of mdd

mood disorder in one experiences both manic and depressed episodes; the defining feature is having experienced at least one manic episode

involves excessive preoccupation with an imagined defect in physical appearance

characterized by persistent difficulty in parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value or usefulness

An anxiety disorder in which fear and related symptoms are experienced soon after a traumatic event and last less than a month

an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

a sudden loss of memory for important personal information that is too extensive to be due to normal forgetting

Sudden, unexpected travel or wandering in a dissociated state w/ autobiographical memory loss for the duration of the episode

individuals feel detached from their own mind and body or from their surroundings

disorder occurring when a person seems to have two or more distinct personalities within one body

a disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

changing emotional difficulties into a loss of a specific voluntary body function

Condition in which a person acts as if he or she has a physical or mental illness when he or she is not really sick.

disorder in which the individual creates an illness in another individual in order to gain attention

eating disorder characterized by excessive eating followed by purging

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves

a personality disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

a personality disorder characterized by lack of stability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion; impulsivity; angry outbursts; intense fear of abandonment; recurring suicidal gestures

a personality disorder characterized by exaggerated ideas of self-importance and achievements; preoccupation with fantasies of success; arrogance

personality disorder in which the person is unable to make choices and decisions independently and cannot tolerate being alone

a client learns a new response o a stimulus that has traditionally elicited an undesirable behavior

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

therapy that confronts clients with what they fear with the goal of reducing the fear

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

a type of therapy in which the client rather than the therapist is encouraged to take the lead

the therapist acknowledges, restates, and clarifies what the person is saying

an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)