Tags & Description
functions of the reproductive system
Produce gamete, hormone production, deliver and receive sperm cells.
In females only- nurture and development of a fetus and lactation
Gonads in males
testes
Gonads in females
ovaries
gametes in males
Spermatozoa/sperm
gametes in females
Ova/egg
Hormone released from the hypothalamus
GnRH
Hormone released from anterior pituitary
FSH and LH
Hormones from the gonads in females
Estrogen, progesterone, inhibin
Hormones from the gonads in males
Testosterone and inhibin
What is the perineum?
diamond shaped area between thighs
Anterior region of the perineum
Coccyx
Posterior region of the perineum
Pubic symphysis
Bilateral region of the perineum
Ischial tuberosity
Anterior triangle of the perineum
urogenital triangle
Posterior triangle of the perineum
anal triangle
perineal raphe
Ridge of tissue that extends from the anus through the center of the perineum
Gametogenesis
production of gametes. Forms a haploid cell that fuses to form a singe diploid cell known as a zygote
Spermatogenesis
Formation of sperm
Oogensis
Formation of ova
autosomes and sex chromosomes
autosomes are pairs 1-22
Sex chromosomes is the 23rd pair
What do the testes produce?
sperm and testosterone
inguinal canal
the channel through which the testis descends into the scrotum in the male
Where do the testes form during fetal development
Inside the pelvic cavity
What separates the right and left scrotum
Medium septum
spermatic cord
formed above each testis. It surrounds the ductus deferens, testicular nerce, testiscular artery and veins, cremaster muscle and fascia layers
what do testicular veins form
pampiniform plexus
Why is scrotal temperature cooler than core body temp
so spermatogensis can take place
What helps keep scrotal temperature lower
Muscles contractions, being outside of the pelvic cavity, and countercurrent heat exchange
creamaster muscle
Scrotal muscle that contracts in cold environments
dartos muscle
Contracts in cold environments and relaxes in warmer environments
countercurrent heat exchange mechanism
Blood coming into the artery transfers it's heat to pampiniform plexus
tunica albuginea
white fibrous capsule on testes
septa
Walls that form compartments within the testis
Seminiferous tubules
Coiled tubes within each lobule, the exact site of spermatogensis
What are the cells found in the seminiferous tubule
Germ cells, sustentacular cells, interstitial cells
germ cells (future sperm)
attached to the basement membrane of the tubules. They will migrate toward the center of the tubule to undergo meiosis (diploid to haploid) and change shape (sperm)
sustentacular cells (cells of sertoli)
Form walls of the tubules. They are nondividing, respond to FSH by releasing ABP to stimulate the germ cells to migrate toward the lumen. As germ cells migrate they will divide and differentiate. Inhibin will be secreted to regulate spermatogensis vis inhibition of FSH. Forms the blood testis barrier through tight junctions. sustentacular cells protect sperm from blood, b/c blood can see sperm as foreign bc of different chromosomes numbers and proteins
Interstitial cells (cells of leydig)
Fill the interstitial space that aurrond the seminiferous tubules. Responds to LH by releasing testosterone
Parts of a sperm
head, midpiece, tail
Head of the sperm
acrosome has enzymes to digest a pathway through the outer layers of the ovum
Mid piece of the sperm
contains mitochondria to form ATP, so the flagella can move
how do sperm move in the male tract
they are proplled by the muscular waves of the spermatic tubes
How do sperm move in females
Flagella move in a whip-like fashion
Ducts within the testis
Seminiferous tubules, rete testis, efferent ductules, epididymis
Epididymis
A long, coiled duct on the outside of the testis in which sperm mature. Sperm are viable for 2-3 months here if not ejaculated it will be phagocytized
Ductus deferens
carries sperm from epididymis to urethra
ejaculatory duct
tube through which semen enters the male urethra. Connects the ductus deferens to the urethra
Urethra
Passes through penis; shared by reproductive and urinary systems
male ejaculate
spermatozoa and seminal fluid
accessory glands
seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands
seminal vesicles
Two glands produce 60% of seminal volume
prostate gland
one gland, 30% of seminal volume
bulbourethral glands
2 glands, 10% of seminal volume, pre-ejaculate
components of semen
Alkaline pH, mucus for lubrication, fructose for energy
prepuce
foreskin
Smegma
waxy oil secreted by sebaceous
Urethra sections
Prostatic, membranous, spongy
uterine tube
site of fertilization
segments of the uterine tube
infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus
infundibulum of uterine tube
flared, trumpet-shaped distal end. Has fimbriae which are finger like projections that draw in the oocyte
ampulla of uterine tube
site of fertilization
isthmus of uterine tube
Bridge to uterus
tubal ligation
female sterilization
fundus
upper dome area of the uterus
Body of the uterus
Main part
uterine cavity
Open area that's deep
Cervix
The opening to the uterus
cervical canal
Channel that runs through the cervix that is lined with mucous glands
interal os
Opening between cervical cavity and cervical canal
external os
Opening between cervical cavity and vagina
Layers of the uterus
perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
perimetrium
outer layer of uterus
myometrium
muscle layer of the uterus, muscular that contracts during labor
endometrium
inner lining of the uterus
Stratum basalis vs stratum functionalis of the endometrium
Basalis- the thickness does not change
Functionalis- thicker in early cycle, sheds in absence of estrogen and progesterone
Vagina
birth canal, channel for menstrual fluid
hymen
mucous membrane partially or completely covering the opening to the vagina
What is the pH of the vagina?
3.5-4, has to be acidic to kill off bacteria
vestibule of vagina
Space surrounded by the labia minora
mons pubis
Fatty area that covers the pubis symphysis
Puberty stages in females
Thelarche, pubarche/adrenarche, menarche
Ovarian cycle phases
follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase
follicular phase
the stage in which an immature egg completes its first meiotic division
Ovulation
release of the ovum from the ovary