AP Euro: Period 3

• Crystal Palace: Architectural Masterpiece of Glass and Iron(Britain’s technological prowess is shown to the world)

• Produced 2/3 of the world's coal and more than half of the world’s iron and cotton.

• In 1750, Britain produced 2% of the world's industrial goods; by 1860, it had produced 20%.

• 1830: The Liverpool and Manchester railway line opens. It’s the second railway line and marks the beginning of the modern railway era.

• By 1837, Britain’s telegraph lines crossed the entire country and facilitated rapid communication.

• It had abundant resources, like coal, iron, and waterways.

• Its climate was temperate and had rain, making it perfect for agriculture and industry.

• It’s colonies provided trade routes and raw materials

• It had a stable government

• The government gave financial awards to investors

• Banks and insurance companies allowed for capital

• Lack of natural resources and waterways, which limited trade.

• Unstable political atmosphere, many different nationalistic sentiments and small states

German customs union established in 1834, abolished internal tariffs and brought the total currencies in Germany from 30 to 2. Increased trade, industrialization, and growth. Led by Prussia.

• Bessemer process: Blowing air through melted iron to produce steel quickly and at a low cost.

• Mass production

• Electricity

• Appliances

• Consumer goods

• Pharmaceuticals

• Petrochemicals(Oil used in lamps)

Children under 9 were banned from working in factories, and the workday for children 9-13 was limited to 8 hours.

Banned children under 10 from working underground.

Women and children 13-18 could only work up to ten hours a day.

It became more love driven, not economically driven.

Increased Leisure

• Parks

• Beaches

• Museums

• Travel

• Marketing/Advertising

• Department stores

• Radio(1890s)

• Telephone(1876)

• Telegram(1830s)

• Steamship: (1812), PS Comet in Scotland

• Streetcars: In Paris(1855)

• Combustion Engines(Cars kind of): Karl Benz(Germany 1885)

• Bicycles:(1860s)Empowered women through freedom of movement and allowing them to wear skirts. Symbol of wealth until the 1890s.

• Irish Potato Famine

Intervention

• Sewage and water systems: Completed in Paris and London in the 1870s.

• Working Class Act of 1890: Local authorities in Britain allowed to clear slums and build public housing.

• Public Redesign

• Paris: Haussmann(1850s-1870s) created wide boulevards, demolished overcrowded medieval neighborhoods, installed modern sewage systems, built public plazas, parks, and soon after in 1887 came the Eiffel tower.

• 1870: School became free for children 5-13.

• 1880: Education made compulsory for children 5-10.

• 1907: Inspection and regulation of schools introduced

• Revolutions of 1848

• Marx and Engel published the Communist Manifesto

• Right to vote

• Right to own property

• Right to higher education

• France(February Revolution): Began with a series of protests due to discontent with King Louis Phillipe I and economic discontent among the working class. The Urban bourgeoisie and the working class also sought civil liberties and greater representation. Louis Phillipe I abdicated after a peaceful protest became violent when confronted by authorities. The Second French Republic was established and censorship was abolished, the right to work was established, National workshops were created to help reduce unemployment. In December 1848, Napoleon III was elected the first president of the Second French Republic. It became gradually more authoritarian and the Second French Empire was established in 1851.(Kinda Succesful Revolution)

• Failed in Italy, Austria, and Germany: All suppressed quickly.

• Unification of Italy

• Emancipation of Serfs in Russia

Pushed by Metternich. Required that German states outlaw liberal political organizations, that they police newspapers and universities, and establish a permanent committee with spies and informers that would report liberal or radical reformers.

• Peaked between 1790 and the 1840s

• Emphasized emotion and subjectivity(the quality of being based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions).

• Delved into the supernatural and appreciated nature

• Celebrated imagination, spontaneity, and fantasy

• Criticized modernism, industrialization, and urbanization

• Romanticized the past

• Challenged Enlightenment rationality

• Led to religious revivals like methodism

An Austrian Empire Minister from 1809-1848. Sought to maintain stability, conservatism and the status quo by repressing revolutionary activity, such as liberalism and nationalism. A key proponent of the Concert of Europe and played a huge role at the Congress of Vienna.

• Influenced by Nationalism, economic hardship, and political repression.

• France: King Charles X was succeeded by Louis Phillipe I(The Citizen King)

• Belgium: Became independent from Netherlands.

• Poland: Uprising crushed by Russia

• Failed attempt by Russian military leaders to overthrow Tsar Nicholas I

• Influenced by Liberal and Enlightenment Ideas and discontent with Autocratic Rule

• Weakened Austria’s Influence in Germany through forming the North German Confederation and the Austro-Prussian War.

• Isolated France through the Triple Alliance(Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy), the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia

• Manipulated Democratic Processes(Realpolitik)

• Isolated France through the Three Emperors League: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. Aimed at preventing conflicts in Eastern Europe.

Aimed to establish a new political order in the Balkans. Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania were now completely independent.

• First Balkan War: Ottomans lost almost all of their remaining European territories, such as Kosovo and Eastern Macedonia.

• Second Balkan War: Bulgaria tried to regain territories lost in the First Balkan War, but instead suffered territorial losses instead.

• Social Darwinism

• Obligation to “civilize” and “educate” the “backward people”(White Man’s Burden)

• Anesthesia(1846)

• Antiseptic/Sterilization(1860s)

• Sewage and Clean water systems(Sand filtration and chlorination)(1850s on)

• Prompted by the Scramble for Africa

• Ended the slave trade

• Allowed Christian missionaries

• Partitioned Africa

Sparked by accidental British and French forces meeting in the Sudanese town of Fashoda. France withdrew its forces and recognized British control of the Nile region.

• A philosophical and scientific approach that emphasizes empirical observation/evidence, the scientific method, and the search for verifiable knowledge.

• Challenged by New Relativism(It argues that knowledge is subjective and influenced by cultural, social, and historical factors):(ex: Tribes see the world differently than us, they could be right and we could be wrong)

Independent of what we think, there is an objective reality. Things exist whether we see them or not. In science, what we discover is what’s true, and what we discover later becomes true. In Art and Literature, we tell it like it is, not how we wish it were. Stressed life and how it really was, countered Romanticism.

What we can measure and observe, what we can see and touch.

It challenged reason and rationality. Nietzsche explored this through existentialism(Stressed the meaninglessness of existence and the importance of the individual searching for moral value in an uncertain world). It challenged traditional notions of meaning, truth and morality.

Struggle between the unconscious and subconscius.

Undermined Newtonian physics.

Emerged in France in the late 19th century. Depicted everyday life and emphasized more colors than detail. Challenged traditional notions of what art was.

Broke reality down into geometric shapes and rearranged them into abstract compositions, challenged traditional notions of perspective and representation, which challenged traditional notions of what art was.