Studied by 27 peopleWhat movement is this?
Flexion
What movement is this?
Extension
What movement is this?
Adduction
What movement is this?
Abduction
What movement is this?
Lateral rotation
What movement is this?
Medial rotation
What movement is this?
Extension
What movement is this?
Flexion
What movement is this?
Eversion
What movement is this?
Inversion
What movement is this?
Flexion
What movement is this?
Extension
What are the bones of the lower limb?
Innominate, sacrum, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
What are the bony landmarks of the lower limb?
ASIS, AIIS, pubic tubercle, pubic symphysis, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, medial epicondyle, lateral epicondyle, tibial tuberosity, subcutaneous border of tibia, medial malleolus, lateral malleolus
What are the muscles of the anterior thigh?
Psoas, illiacus, sartorius, rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis
What muscles make up the quadriceps group?
Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vestus intermedius
Where is the psoas muscle?
Flexor of hip joint, attached at lesser trochanter
Where is the iliacus muscle?
Shares attachment with psoas at lesser trochanter
Where is rectus femoris?
Most superficial, in the midline, attaches proximal to hip joint
Where is vastus lateralis?
Lies laterally, partially covered by the ITT
Where is vastus medialis?
Lies medially, distal fibres run horizontally
Where is vastus intermedius?
Lies deep to rectus femoris
Where is sartorial?
Divides anterior and medial compartments of thigh, runs from ASIS to medial tibia
What are the muscles of the medial thigh?
Pectineus, obturator externus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, gracillis, adductor magnus
Where is the adductor longus?
Medial border of femoral triangle
Where is adductor breves?
Small muscle lying deep to adductor longus
Where is adductor Magnus?
Large muscle lying posteriorly, attaches to femur
Where is gracillis?
Most medial muscle of the medial thigh, passes behind the knee joint then anteriorly to attache to the medial tibia along with sartorius and semitendonosus
Where is pectinous?
Forms the medial hand of the floor of the femoral triangle
What movement does the gluteus Maximus do?
Hip extension and lateral rotation of hip
What movement is the gluteus medias involved in?
Hip abduction, steadies pelvis when walking
What movement does the rectus femoris do?
Extends knee
What does the sartorius do?
Flexes the thigh
What movement is the quadriceps group involved in?
Extension of the knee
What are the muscles of the anterior leg?
Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus
What are the muscles of the lateral leg?
Peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, peroneus tertius
Where is the tibialis anterior?
Adjacent to subcutaneous border of tibia
What does the tibialis anterior do?
Inverts foot
Where is the extensor digitorum longus?
Distally this muscle splits into 4 tendons one to each of the lateral toes
Where is the extensor hallucis longus?
Distally lies between tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum
What does extensor hallucis longus do?
Extends great toe
Where is the peroneus longus?
Superficial to brevis. Passes posterior to the ankle joint, runs under the foot and attaches to the medial aspect of the sole of the foot.
Where is the peroneus brevis?
Deep to longus. Distally attaches to the lateral aspect of the foot.
Where is the peroneus tertius?
Small muscle branching from extensor digitorum, attaches to lateral aspect of foot
What nerves innervate the anterior lower limb?
Nerve to psoas, femoral nerve, obturator nerve
Where is the nerve to psoas?
Small branch passing directly from lumbar plexus to psoas major
Where is the femoral nerve?
Most lateral of the three major structures in the femoral triangle
Where is the obturator nerve?
Passes through obturator foramen before entering the medial compartment of the thigh
What muscle group is responsible for this movement, flexion?
Anterior thigh
What muscle group is responsible for this movement, extension?
Posterior thigh
What muscle group is responsible for this movement, adduction?
Medial thigh
What muscle group is responsible for this movement, abduction?
Superior gluteal
What muscle group is responsible for this movement, lateral rotation?
Deep gluteal
What muscle group is responsible for this movement, medial rotation?
Superior gluteal
What muscle group is responsible for this movement, extension?
Anterior thigh
What muscle group is responsible for this movement, flexion?
Posterior thigh
What muscle group is responsible for this movement, extension?
Anterior leg
What muscle group is responsible for this movement, inversion?
Ant/post leg - tibialis muscles
What muscle group is responsible for this movement, eversion?
Lateral leg
What bony landmarks feature in the posterior lower limb?
Greater trochanter, ischial spine, obturator foramen, ischial tuberosity, lesser trochanter, linea aspera, lateral condyle, medial condyle, head of the fibula, neck of the fibula, medial malleolus, lateral malleolus
What are the muscles of the gluteal region?
Gluteus medius, gluteus maximus, gluteus minimus
Where is the gluteus Maximus?
Largest muscle in the body. Proximally attaches to sacral and sacrotuberous ligament. Passes laterally to blend with fibres of ilioibial tract
Where is gluteus medius?
Deep and anterior to gluteus Maximus, distally attaches to greater trochanter
Where is the gluteus minimus?
Deep to gluteus maximus, smallest and most anterior of gluteal muscles
What are the muscles of the posterior thigh?
Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
Where is the biceps femoris?
Passes laterally to head of fibula, long head attaches to ischial tuberosity, short head attaches to femur
Where is the semimembranosus?
Proximally has a membrane like tendon, sandwiched between the other two hamstring muscles, distally becomes fatter and attaches to the tibia posteriorly
Where is the semitendinosus?
Distally becomes a long cord like tendon, shares its distal attachment with gracilis and sartorius
What are the muscles of the posterior leg?
Plantaris, gastrocnemius, soleus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus
Where is the gastrocnemius?
Proximally medial and lateral heads attach to the medial and lateral femoral condyles. Distally fuses with soleus to form achilles tendon
Where is soleus?
Flattened muscles lying deep to gastrocnemius, tendinous arch in proximal attachment allows structures to pass from popliteal fossa into leg
Where is plantaris?
Small, vestigial muscle with a long tendon, largely non-functional
Where is flexor digitorum longus?
Proximally attaches to the tibia. Runs behind medial malleolus and splits into 4 tendons
Where is tibialis posterior?
Proximally attaches to interosseous membrane, runs to medial aspect of foot
Where is the interosseous membrane?
Between tibia and fibula
Where is flexor hallucis longus?
Proximally attaches to the fibula, passes medially to the big toe
What nerves innervate the posterior lower limb?
Superior gluteal nerve, inferior gluteal nerve, sciatic nerve
Where is the superior gluteal nerve?
Found at superior border of piriformis muscle - supplies gluteus maximus
Where is the inferior gluteal nerve?
Found at inferior border of piriformis muscle - supplies gluteus medius and minimus
Where is the sciatic nerve?
Largest nerve in the body, passes under piriformis and runs down posterior thigh, splits to provide tibial and common peroneal nerves
What is the tibial nerve?
A branch of the sciatic nerve. Passes vertically down through the posterior compartment of the leg and behind the medial malleolus where it terminates as the medial and lateral plantar nerves in the sole of the foot
What muscles are in the deep gluteal region?
Piriformis, gemellus superior, gemellus inferior, obturator internus, quadratus femoris
Where is piriformis?
Pear shaped muscle passing from anterior surface of sacrum to greater trochanter, sciatic nerve emerges from under its inferior edge
Where is obturator internus?
Proximally attaches to internal surface of obturator membrane, passes laterally to greater trochanter
Where are gemellus inferior and superior?
Twin muscles that accompany tendon of obturator internus
Where is quadratus femoris?
Quadrangular muscle passing between ischium and greater trochanter
What are the anatomic features of the hip joint?
Ilium, neck of femur, ischium, pubis, lesser trochanter, greater trochanter, intertrochanteric line
What are the colateral ligaments?
Ligaments on either side of the knee preventing side to side movement
What tendon goes over the patella?
Quadriceps tendon
What are the two menisci?
Lateral and medial
What is the purpose of the menisci?
Increase stability, distribute load, absorb shock, provide lubrication
What do the cruciate ligaments do?
Prevent movement back and forth of the knee
Where are the cruciate ligaments?
Inside the knee joint
What are the intracapsular features of the knee joint?
Posterior and anterior cruciate ligaments, posterior menisco-femoral ligament, medial and lateral menisicus
What are the bones of the foot?
Phalanges, 1-5 metatarsals, talus calceneous, navicular, cuboid, medial cuneiform, middle cuneiform, lateral cuneiform
What bones are in the proximal row of tarsal bones?
Talus calcaneous and navicular
What bones are in the distal row of tarsal bones?
Cuboid, medial cuneiform, middle cuneiform, lateral cuneiform
What are the 3 articulations of the ankle joint?
Talocrucial
Subtalor
Mid-tarsal
What is the site of the adductor longus muscle?
Medial thigh
What is the shape of the adductor longus muscle?
Long triangular
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