AP Psych Unit 4

the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

learning that certain events occur together

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response.

In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)

learning through the use of positive and negative reinforcements/punishments

trained rats to pull down a lever in order to get food, through the methods of shaping

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

reinforcing a response only part of the time

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

decreases in the frequency of a behavior when the behavior is no longer reinforced

the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred

the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response

in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

a learned avoidance of a particular food

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

a behavior repeated because it seems to produce reinforcement, even though it is actually unnecessary

learning by observing others (social learning)

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior

behavior that either damages interpersonal relationships or is culturally undesirable

the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

Baby Albert experiment, trained baby to cry when stuffed animal was placed by him (anticipated the crash of a symbol)

events with uncertain outcomes that may represent potential liabilities

a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem's solution

learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful

pioneer in observational learning (AKA social learning), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play

Latent learning; cognitive maps

learned helplessness