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What are the three domains?
The three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
Proteobacteria is the origin of
mitochondria
Cyanobacteria is the origin of
chloroplasts
Nucleus, organelles, branch of archaea, phospholipid bi-layer
Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi
protists
Nuclear envelop was created bc of…
membrane infoldings
Cytoskeleton was created bc of…
cytoplasmic microtubules
Why is the mitochondria double membraned
bc when the proteobacterium was absorbed it took some of the cell membrane with it <3
Why can a chloroplast have three membranes?
A eukaryote absorbs a green algae cell (a glorified double membraned chloroplast)
How does the flexible cell wall allow for organelles?
The wall can create folds that allow for specialization within the folds, creates places for organelles to live
Single-celled, DNA is in a ring, binary fission, no cell membrane, no membrane-bound organelles
prokaryotes
Bacteria are…
prokaryotes
Nitrogen fixers
atmospheric N2 into ammonia, air to ground
Nitrifiers
turn ammonia into nitrates, plants are now able to consume
Denitrifiers
turns nitrates into N2, ground to air
Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes share…
ribosomes, cell walls, metabolic pathways, ATP use
What type of RNA allows you to differentiate between Archaea and bacteria
rRNA, ribosomal
Common in the soil or the ocean
archaea
No peptidoglycan, lipid monolayer, extremophiles, some obligate anaerobes
Archaea
What is lateral gene transfer?
plasmids are transferred through “bridges”. this donates genetic material to other bacteria. Can also be acquired from the environment
Plasmids are…
the smallest stretch of DNA, have the ability to infiltrate the nucleus
Bacterial cell wall contains…
peptidoglycan
thick layer of peptidoglycan, stains purple
gram positive
thin layer of peptidoglycan inside cell membrane sandwich, stains pink
gram negative
spherical bacteria shape
coccus
spiral bacteria shape
spirillium
rod/sausage bacteria shape
bacillus
produce spores to reproduce
bacteria with branched filaments
Endospores
pack genetic material into package made of cell wall and die, package rehydrated once endospore is in better conditions
single-celled, colony forming, photosynthetic, fixes nitrogen
cyanobacteria
biggest oxygen producer
cyanobacteria
photosynthetic lamellae
folds/indents within the cell wall that allow for photosynthesis to occur without a chloroplast
internal flagella that allows for them to move/spin
spirochaeta
obligate parasite, STDs, pneumonia
chlamydia
largest group of bacteria, nitrogen fixers, e. coli
Proteobacteria
Biofilms are made of…
sticky polysaccharide matrix
Biofilms form by…
bacteria binds to a surface, quorum sensing, larger colony forms, bacterial matrix forms
Biofilms are good bc…
makes cells harder to kill, antibiotic resistance, environmental resistance
Quorum sensing
sending chemicals and establishing communication with other bacteria
Endotoxins
bacteria lyse, rarely fatal
Exotoxins
continual proliferation from living bacteria, highly toxic, often fatal
thermostable proteins that prevent denaturing, prokaryotic, thrive under extreme conditions
extremophiles
oxygen is poisonous, relic of prehistoric life
obligate anaerobes
has both aerobic and anaerobic pathways
facultative anaerobes
requires oxygen
obligate aerobes
get energy from the sun, use CO2
photoautotrophs
get energy from the sun, eat organic material
photoheterotrophs
get energy from inorganic compounds, use CO2 for carbon
chemoautotrophs
get energy from organic compounds, eat organic material
chemoheterotrophs
obligate parasites, infect all forms of life
viruses
What makes up a virus?
Genetic material + capsid, sometimes membrane envelope and spike proteins
not ready to be translated, needs RNA polymerase
negative-sense RNA
ready to be translated
positive-sense RNA
uses host cell to create positive-sense RNA, brings its own RNA polymerase
Negative-sense virus
most abundant and diverse virus group, doesn’t contain RNA polymerase
positive-sense virus
