BIO FINAL EXAM (Cumulative Portion)

Dermal Tissue - Outer layer includes cuticle for protection, and guard-cell stomata combinations to selectively let certain nutrients and gases in including CO2 required for Photosynthesis to occur.

Ground Tissue - spongy level, thick collenchyma support in middle of structure, and parenchyma mesophyll in middle layer that has tightly packed chloroplasts that utilize a high SA:V ratio for efficient capturing of light for photosynthesis

Vascular Tissue - has xylem & phloem, xylem transports water required for photosynthesis and raw materials/nutrients around the plant, while phloem conducts sugars (products of photosynthesis), transports it throughout cell for an overall benefit

observations: traits are heritable, there is not enough resources to support population (competition is evident, not all will survive and reproduce), traits impact organism’s survival and reproduction. Relates to adaptation because only those with favored traits who adapted to their environment will be able to further survive, this is the theory of natural selection.

Outcomes: offspring act and or behave like parents (traits were passed), offspring better fit environment given respective pressures. Relates to adaptation because offpsring show evidence of having traits from parents that were better fit and adapted to their environment to survive.

those in an environment who are best fit given their environmental pressures are more likely to survive and reproduce

ancestral deuterostome, notochord, brain, head, vertebral column, jaws/mineralized skeleton, lung & lung derivatives, lobed fins, legs, amniotic egg, milk.

organisms: echinodermata, Urochordata, lancelets, hagfishes, lampreys, chondrichytes, ray-finned fishes, coelacanth, lungfishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals

Before: Malthus theory of overpopulation (Darwin used this to justify competition),

Lamarke Baptiste incorrect hypothesis that traits gained throughout life are directly passed to offspring (darwin used this to develop natural selection over time theory),

Linneaus Taxonomy and Aristotle Scala Naturai gave Darwin precedent to earth-being classifications,

Hutton Lyell also helped Darwin see through uniformitarianism that formation of earth’s geographical features is done in processes seen today,

artificial selection as humans could selectively pass down traits in an organism to future generations,

Galapagos Island Voyage showed adaptations amongst different islands

After: Drug Resistance by bacteria over time, and Guppies and finches adapting to their environments, molecular discovery, and homology.

domains are the highest level of classification for living organisms, groups them based on cellular structures. Provides more accurate representation of life on earth by providing a more specific evolutionary relationship that was generalized in the 5 kingdom system.

early divergence of tree of life: Bacteria, archaea, and then eukaryotes branched from archae, includes: protists, plants, animals, fungi

classification of plants and animals depending on the amount of characteristics they share in common

define species on the criteria of whether or not they can breed with each other and produce fertile offpsring

strengths: defined, evolutionary base, gene pools and populations. Weaknesses: what is normal? This cannot be applied to asexual species (such as bacteria)

1. green plants

2. land plants

3. vascular plants

4. seed plants

5. angiosperms

6. gymnosperms

7. seedless vascular plants

8. nonvascular plants

9. green algae

animals where mouth develops from the first opening in developing embryo (blastopore). includes; arthopods, mollusks, annelids

anus develops from blastopore, mouth from second opening. ex: echinoderms, chordates, etc

early stage in the development of animal embryo, divides fewer cells until gastrula is formed, hollow ball of cells

next stage after blastula, begins tissue layer, a ball within a ball

fluid filled body cavity surrounded by mesoderm tissue, provides space for internal organs to develop and move independently of the body wall

prokaryotic, lack nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Diverse and widespread compared to archaebacteria, can inhabit multiple environments.

prokaryotic, lack nucleus and membrane bound organelles, found in extreme environments, like hotsprings, salt flats, etc.

contain nucleus and membrane bound organelles, have a cytoskeleton. include: animals, plants, fungi, protists.

do not fit neat into any other category. include unicellular organisms: amoebas, paramecia. also multicellular organisms like seaweed and kelp. most diverse eukaryotic group

shared derived characteristics

a group that shares an ancestor and all of its descendant species

notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits or clefts, muscular post anal tail, thyroid

basis for endoskeleton, flexible rod

extends length of the body throughout embryonic development

originally for filter feeding, modified into gill slits for respiration, becomes structures of head and neck for many vertebrates

chordates have tail extending beyond anus, some lose tail during development (like frogs and humans)

found in neck of vertebrates, produces hormones for regulating metabolic processes in body

regulators control and maintain a constant internal temperature regardless of changing environment, while conformers allow internal body temperature to change in response to changing environment

ADVANTAGE: regulators can live in a wide range of environments, but have to use a lot of energy for homeostasis. Conformers are more energy efficient, but can only live in limited environments

Endotherm - body heat derived from metabolism

Ectotherm - body heat derived from environment

Homeotherm - body temperature remains constant

Poiklotherm - body temperature fluctuates with environment

Hibernation is a long-term state of reduced metabolism and lowered body temperature that some animals enter during the winter months when food is scarce. Torpor, on the other hand, is a short-term state of reduced metabolism and body temperature that some animals enter during times when food is temporarily scarce, such as during the night.

bilateral: Cephalization, left and right mirror images, dorsal, ventral. anterior, posterior, proximal, distal

radial: oral, aboral, proximal, distal

endoderm: gut, liver, lungs

mesoderm: skeleton, muscle, kidney, heart, blood

ectoderm: skin, nervous system

epithelial tissue: surface of body

connective tissue: supports and connects tissues and organs in body (bone, cartilage, blood)

Muscular Tissue: movement and mechanical work

nervous tissue: communication and coordination in body

ancestral green algae, land plants, vascular plants, extant seed plants

liverworts, mosses, hornworts

lack true vascular tissues (depend on water) for reproduction, so they have a small size

colonize sterile soil, absorb water and nutrients, and contribute to new soils for ecosystems to begin on

vascular tissue and roots, seeds (use spores instead)

Club Mosses, Ferns, Horsetails, Whisk Ferns

Cycadophyta, Gnetophyta, Ginkgophyta, coniferophyta

They produce seeds that are naked (no protective ovary wall), and they lack pistils and stamens

a plant that produces seeds within an enclosure- a fruiting plant

endosperm present within seeds, production of fruit that contains seeds

monocots and dicots

parazoans, 1 phylum, sponges, filter feeding

eumetazoans, diploblastic, have forms of polyp and medusa, include medusazoans (jellyfish), and anthozoans (coral and sea anemones)

most diverse animals, include: mollusks, segmented worms, flatworms, named from lophophore feeding structure, and trochophore larvae stage

external cuticle or exoskeleton, three major groups: Nematoda, arthropoda, other phyla, most species rich group: crustaceans and insects. Ecdysis named for molting

spiny skin, 5 groups: sea stars (starfish), brittle stars, sea urchins/sand dollars, crinoids, sea cucumbers

sponges, cnidarians, locotrocophores, ecdysozoans, and echinoderms