Chapter Three: Models of Abnormality  

the perspectives used to explain events

sees physical processes as key to human behavior

a network of particular brain structures that work together, triggering each other into action to produce a distinct behavioral, cognitive, or emotional reaction

segments that control the characteristics and traits a person inherits

an abnormal form of the appropriate gene that emerges by accident

drugs that primarily affect the brain and reduce many symptoms of mental dysfunction

help reduce tension and anxiety

help improve the functioning of people with depression

help steady the moods of those with bipolar disorder

help reduce the confusion, hallucinations, and delusions that accompany psychosis

loss of contact with reality

interventions that directly / indirectly stimulate the brain in order to bring about psychological improvement

oldest and most controversial approach

an electromagnetic coil is placed on a persons head, sending a current into certain areas of their brain

pulse generator is implanted in a persons neck to stimulate their vagus nerve, which delivers electrical signals to the brain

electrodes are implanted in specific areas of the brain and connected to a pacemaker in their chest

brain surgery for mental disorders

prehistoric practice of chipping a hole in the skull to cure mental illness

surgeon cuts the connections between the brains frontal lobes and the lower regions of the brain

looks at peoples unconscious internal processes and conflicts

no symptom or behavior is accidental, its all determined by past experiences

the psychological force that produces instinctual needs, drives, and impulses

the id always seeks gratification

the psychological force that employs reason

we acquire through experience that it can be unacceptable to express our id impulses outright

prevents unacceptable impulses from ever reaching consciousness

person refuses to acknowledge the source of anxiety

person attributes their own unacceptable impulses to others

person creates a socially acceptable reason for an action that reflects unacceptable motives

person displaces hostility away from a dangerous object and onto a safer substitute

person represses emotional reactions in favor of an overly logical response

the psychological force that represents a persons values and ideals

a sense of right and wrong

a condition in which the id, ego, or superego do not mature properly and are frozen at an early stage of development

strengthen the wholeness of the self

people are motivated mainly by a need to have relationships with other

patient describes any thought, feeling, or image that comes to mind

an unconscious refusal to participate fully in therapy

the redirection toward the psychotherapist of feelings associated with important figures in a patients life

thought to be the "royal road to the unconscious"

consciously remembered dream

dreams symbolic meaning

the reliving of past repressed feelings in order to settle internal conflicts and overcome problems

facing conflicts, reinterpreting feelings, and overcoming ones problems

patients choose a single problem to work on with the therapist

therapists should also disclose things about themselves to establish more equal relationships with patients

emphasizes behavior, the ways it is learned, and the thinking that underlies behavior

learning by temporal association

observing and imitating others

learning through consequences (reinforcers and punishments)

a psychological disorder in which people fear social situations

stresses the role of values and choices

human beings are driven to fulfill their potential for goodness and growth

clinicians try to help clients by conveying acceptance, accurate empathy, and genuineness

clinicians actively move clients toward self-recognition and self-acceptance

human beings must have an accurate awareness of themselves and live meaningful lives in order to be psychologically well adjusted

people are encouraged to accept responsibility for their lives and for their problems

focuses on an individuals family and social interactions

people eventually adopt / accept the labels that society gives to them

the family is a system of interacting parts who interact with each other in consistent ways and follow rules unique to each family

members are grossly overinvolved in each other

rigid boundaries between members

a group of people with similar problems meet together with a therapist

same, but without the direct leadership of a clinician

therapist meets with all members of a family, points out problem behaviors and interactions, and helps the whole family to change its ways

therapists work with two individuals in a long-term relationship

a treatment approach that emphasizes community care

goal is to prevent psychological disorders altogether

identifying and treating psychological disorders in the early stages

goal is to provide effective treatment as soon as it is needed so disorders dont become long-term problems

emphasizes an individuals culture and its shared beliefs, values, and history

approaches that are designed to help address the unique issues faced by members of cultural minority groups

approaches geared to the pressures of being a woman in western society

explanations that attribute the cause of abnormality to an interaction of genetic, biological, emotional, behavioral, cognitive, social, and societal influences